Armed Robbers In Action: Stickups and Street Culture

Index

Index Accomplices, 68, 99,101-2,111, 112 Age: in targeting victims, 86 Alcohol consumption, 35-36; prior to stickup, 120; by victims, 87 Anger: in criminal motivation, 36-37'57 Appearance (see also Ostentation): in targeting victims, 36—37, 81-82,126-27,1 35 Armed robbers: alternative crimes and, 50—55; arrests of, 14—15, 133; as criminal victims, 9-10, 41-42, 6y; demographics, 7-8, 10-17; high-level, 92-93; living arrangements of, 38-39; prior criminal activities of, 51; research on, ^-6; statistics on, 3,12-14 Armed robbery [see also Commercial robbery; Stickups; Street robbery): associated crimes, 16, 17; cause of, 32-33; defined, 3; prevention (see Crime prevention ); statistics on, 3,12-14; styles of, 15-16 Arrest: of armed robbers, 14-15, 133; awareness of, 118-24,129 Assault, 16,17 Automatic teller machines, 77—78, 136 Bars, 80, 89 Bennett, Trevor, ix, 6 Biernacki, Patrick, 19 Blacks: as armed robbers, 7,10-11, 16-17; a s noncriminal victims, 82,85 Borrowing: by armed robbers, 49-50 Burglars on Burglary (Bennett), ix Burglars on the job (Wright and Decker), ix Burglary, 16,17, 51—52; residential, 5'54 Business: crime prevention and, 137; robbery and, 15—16, 88—93, 94, 99,100—101 Cash: crime prevention and, 137—39; in criminal motivation, 33-35, 42; in targeting businesses , 88 — 89; in targeting victims , 63, -jy, 81-84,135,137 Check-cashing: targeting of, 77-78, 83-84,139 Choice: in decision making, xi, 30, 129 City dwellers: fear of crime, 7, 72 Clothing (see also Appearance): status and, 40; in targeting victims, 81-82 151 152 INDEX Cocaine, crack, 8,11 Commercial robbery, 15-16, 88-93, 94, 99,100-101 Communication: in stickups, 103 -5 Conklin, John, 7 Control: in criminal motivation, 55-57 Crack cocaine. See Cocaine, crack Credit cards: in crime prevention, ^37-39 Crime: economic costs of, 88; fear of, 7, 72 Crime prevention: difficulties in, 15; economic costs of, 88; elimination of cash and, 137-39; imprisonment and, 133-34; j°b creation and, 131-32; multi-causal perspective , 6, 7; physical settings and, 5,136—137; reducing victim vulnerability, 134—36 Crime-as-choice theory, xi Criminology: criticism of, ix; juvenile studies, 12; official coercion and, 26-27; prisoner-based studies, x—xi, 4—5, 59 Death (see also Homicide): threat of, 96,103,104,107,116,128 Debit cards, 137-39 Decision making (see also Motivation ): analysis of, 29-30; environmental factors in, 6; perceptions of choice in, 30,129; perceptions of need and, 60 Demeanor. See Appearance Drinking. See Alcohol consumption Drug dealers: targeting of, 63-69, 93-94 Drug dealing, 16,17, 51-52, 53, 54 Drug use: by armed robbers, 39, 43, 49' 53' 1 2° ' m criminal motivation , 35-36; in street culture, 39, 49 Drunks (see also Alcohol consumption ): as victims of crime, 87 Economics: in criminal motivation, 33-35'42 -5o Elderly: as noncriminal victims, 86 Employment: attitudes toward, 45-49; in crime prevention, 131-32 Escape. See Getaways Ethnography: in criminology, x-xi Farrington, David, 59 Federal Bureau of Investigation, 3 Firearms: in stickups, 105-7 Gambling, 35-36, 93 Gangs: research on, 5 Gas stations, 89 Geis, Gil, 4 Getaways, 79,115-18 Goods (property): transfer of, 107-15 Guilt, 124-28,129 Guns, See Firearms Hacker, Andrew, 7 Hagedorn, John, 26 Hardship, financial: in criminal motivation, 42-45 Hedonism: in criminal motivation, 35-40 Heroin, 8, 93 Hobbs, Dick, 30 Homicide: in armed robbery, 7,114, 128,136 Honaker, David, 49 Housing, 38-39 Imprisonment: in crime prevention, 133-34 Independence: in criminal motivation , 50, 52-53; in street culture, 47 Inmates. See Prisoners Intoxication. See Alcohol consumption Jewelry: status and, 40; stores, robbery of, 92-93, 99; in targeting victims, 81-82,135 Job skills, 131 Jobs. See Employment Juveniles: in criminological studies, 12; as robbers, 5-6,12 INDEX 153 Katz, Jack, 29, 32-33, 36, 42, 55, 62, 106-7 "Lambda," xi, 13-14 Legal system: deterrence and, 118-24,129 Lifestyle: in criminal motivation, 35-40, 46 Liquor stores, 89 Living arrangements, 38-39 Loans: to armed robbers, 49-50 Location. See Physical settings Lofland, John, 50, ^^, 124,129 Matza, David, ix Merry, Sally, 5-6 Money (see also Cash): in criminal motivation, 33 -35, 42; lending, to armed robbers, 49—50; in targeting businesses, 88-89 Monitors...