Cruel and Unusual: The American Death Penalty and the Founders’ Eighth Amendment

notes

349 notes Sources appearing in the bibliography are abbreviated throughout the endnotes. For such sources, only author or editor surname and, as needed, shortened titles appear in these notes. The bibliography should be consulted for more information and full citations. Because source material on the Founding Fathers is so voluminous, making it impractical to include all such material in the print edition of the book, extended notes prepared by the author are being made available online. These electronic notes, available on the Cruel and Unusual book detail page at UPNE.com, supplement the notes printed here. The ‘‘e-notes,’’ which may be cited as such, contain additional material relating to the subject of the book as well as extra citations and references. Any endnote for which an e-note is available contains a notation to that effect, and to make the e-notes as user friendly as possible they appear online, organized by chapter, using the same endnote numbers with which they are associated here. In the endnotes that follow, as well as in the e-notes, the following abbreviations are used in citations to letters: AA Abigail Adams AH Alexander Hamilton BF Benjamin Franklin BR Benjamin Rush GM George Mason GW George Washington JA John Adams JD John Dickinson JH John Hancock JJ John Jay JM James Madison JQA John Quincy Adams PH Patrick Henry RHL Richard Henry Lee SA Samuel Adams TJ Thomas Jefferson WB William Bradford Introduction (pages 1–11) 1. Graham v. Collins, 506 U.S. 461, 479–80 (1993) (Thomas, J., concurring); Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 417 (1972); Furman v. Georgia, 403 U.S. 952 (1971); Jackson v. Georgia, 403 U.S. 952 (1971); Branch v. Texas, 403 U.S. 952 (1971); Furman v. Georgia, 404 U.S. 812 (1971); Jackson v. Georgia, 404 U.S. 812 (1971); Branch v. Texas, 404 U.S. 812 (1971); Rudolph v. Alabama, 375 U.S. 889, 889–91 & n.1 (1963) (Goldberg, J., dissenting); Furman v. State, 167 S.E.2d 628, 628–29 (Ga. 1969); Jackson v. State, 171 S.E.2d 501, 503 (Ga. 1969); Branch v. State, 447 S.W.2d 932, 933 (Tex. 350 | Notes Ct. Crim. App. 1969); Zimring & Hawkins, 33–34; Scott W. Howe, The Failed Case for Eighth Amendment Regulation of the Capital Sentencing Trial, 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 795, 845 & n.192 (1998); Meltsner, 3–19 (discussing the NAACP’s role in capital litigation). 2. U.S. Const., amends. VIII & XIV; Furman, 408 U.S. at 309 (Stewart, J., concurring ); Furman, 167 S.E.2d at 628–29; Jackson, 171 S.E.2d at 503; Branch, 447 S.W.2d at 933; Paul Finkelman, Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties 60 (2006); Bessler, Kiss of Death, 55–56; Gallup, Death Penalty, visited Jan. 29, 2011, http://www.gallup .com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx (depicting Gallup poll results on the death penalty since the 1930s). 3. Chernow, Washington, 111, 213, 487, 639, 799; Rita K. Lomio, Working Against the Past: The Function of American History of Race Relations and Capital Punishment in Supreme Court Opinions, 9 J.L. & Soc’y 163, 166–67 (2008); Brief for NAACP et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioners at 7–10, Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1971) (Nos. 68–5027, 69–5030, 69–5003, and 69–5031), 1971 WL 134376. 4. Brief for NAACP et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioners at 6, 11–12, 14–15, Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1971) (Nos. 68–5027, 69–5030, 69–5003, and 69– 5031), 1971 WL 134376. 5. Id. at 5–6, 17–18; Mamie Till-Mobley & Christopher Benson, Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime that Changed America xii, 118, 129, 136 (2003); David Lewis, King: A Biography 59, 133 (1978). 6. The Oyez Project, Recording of Oral Argument in Furman v. Georgia, visited Jan. 29, 2011, http://www.oyez.org. 7. Id.; McGautha v. California, 402 U.S. 183 (1971); Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 101 (1958). 8. Furman, 408 U.S. at 239–40; Michael Mello, Executing Rapists: A Reluctant Essay on the Ethics of Legal Scholarship, 4 Wm. & Mary J. Women & L. 129, 181 (1997). 9. Bessler, Death in the Dark, 133; Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153, 158–61, 169, 180–81, 193–97, 205–7 (1976); Furman, 408 U.S. at 245, 253, 257 (Douglas, J., concurring ); id. at 281, 291, 293, 295 (Brennan, J., concurring); id. at 309–10 (Stewart, J., concurring); id. at...