305 NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 1 The study of women in cartography is a relatively late phenomenon in the general study of women, work, and technology. Many of the important works appeared in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Barbara Drygulski Wright’s work entitled Women, Work, and Technology (1987) is particularly relevant. The various contributors point out that not only will technology displace women workers, but women workers will experience technological change very differently than men. While earlier research trumpets technology as an agent for change (for the condition of women), later scholarship underscores the fact that technology brings about only superficial change (see McGaw, 1982). 2 Alice Hudson and Mary Ritzlin have produced the most systematic and comprehensive list of pre-twentieth-century women cartographers (Hudson and Ritzlin, 2000a, 2000b). 3 As many of my interview participants were trained in “surveying engineering ” departments, I have retained this term in this book when I describe their experiences, rather than using the more current term, “geodesy” or “geomatics .” 4 Geographic Perspectives on Women Newsletter; Canadian Women and Geography Newsletter; Gender, Place, and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography; Gender and Geography Newsletter; Progress and Perspectives; ACSM Bulletin (Special Issue, 1987); and Meridian (Special Issue, 1988). Notes 306 NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 5 When using “map worlds” in the plural sense, I intend to address the general features of all map worlds, regardless of the time period. I generally use the singular “map world” when I am speaking of one within a specific time period . 6 Even without such a reference, there is nevertheless a small account of a prime minister’s younger sister’s embroidering maps (Thrower, 1972: 23). 7 In related fields, there are discussions about map embroiderers (Ring, 1993; Tyner, 1994, 1996, 2001). Victorian women travellers receive considerable attention (e.g., McEwan, 2000; Stefoff, 1992), as do women astronomers (Ritzlin , 1999), women scientific instrument makers (Morrison-Low, 1991), and women geographers and women geography teachers (Ritzlin, 1993). NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 1 A small portion of this chapter was presented at the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Cartographic Association in June 2000 (van den Hoonaard, 2000b). 2 I have come across the following twenty-four occupational incumbents in cartography: academic cartographer, astronomer, atlas cartographer, cartographic technician, community college instructor, computer specialist, freelance map-maker, geodesist, geography teacher, gis specialist, head of sales, high school environmental science teacher, map collector, map historian, map librarian, map-maker, photogrammetrist, primary school teacher, program administrator, regional planner, surveyor, teacher of cartographic literacy, tourist-map publisher, university professor. These occupations are not mutually exclusive. 3 I use pseudonyms whenever I am referring to the interview participants in my study. In this chapter, I have placed the pseudonym in quotation marks; the number in parentheses after the name indicates the page of the transcribed interview. 4 The term “tabletop” cartographers refers to the technique of applying map symbols, letters, and so on directly onto a flat surface, located on a table of sorts. 5 These artifacts and processes include extracting minerals, making the copper plate, planishing the plate with a hammer, polishing the plate with a grinding stone and water, pumice stone, smooth hone, charcoal, steel burnisher, thirteen different burnishing tools, special paper, virgin wax and feather, pencil, transparent paper, Venetian varnish, carbon paper, needle and acid, ten different engraver tools or burins, six different punches and lettering tools, roulette to create a stippled effect, sharpener for the tools, black felt, olive oil, grinding [54.234.143.240] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 12:33 GMT) 307 NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 the pigment for the ink in a medium of nut oil, iron pot and flame, ink, rolling press, paper, a smooth board, inking ball made of linen, soft rag, charcoal brazier (replaced by a steam box in 1818), and flannel (Verner, 1975: 52–53). 6 These products involve the use of tin plates, wax, silver salts, light-sensitive bitumen, benzene, copperplate, chromium salts, developers, etching acids, distortion-free lenses, wet-collodion plate negatives, stones, silver nitrate, glass negative, wax, soluble bitumen, diamond, acid-resisting bitumen, lithographic ink, acid, turpentine, paper, four colours (black, yellow, blue, red), and special frames with pins (Koeman, 1975). 7 They include preprinted letters, visibility meter table, typeface chart, tracing paper, translucent material, mechanical lettering device (including Leroy, Varigraph, Wrico), photo-lettering device, straightedge, curve, Ames lettering instrument, lettering angles, pencil lettering pens (several kinds, including Leroy), books on lettering, template, scriber, T-square, stencil, imprinter, ink, gummed stock...