Africa’s Deadliest Conflict: Media Coverage of the Humanitarian Disaster in the Congo and the United Nations Response, 1997–2008

Index

Index 227 ABC News, 59, 60, 62, 87, 135, 138, 186n12, 187n18 Abyei, 146, 191n1 advocacy. See under mass media advocacy framing, 192n5 Advocacy Lab, 107 Afghanistan, 62, 138, 190n9, 191n11 Africa: Islam and, 133–34; lack of knowledge about, 134–35 African Union (AU), 183n4 Africa’s World War, 10, 13–16. See also Second Congo War Agence France-Presse, 100 agenda setting, xvii, 41–44, 121, 162, 192n5. See also alerting function aggressor–victim frame, 59 al-Bashir, Omar, 146 Albright, Madeleine, 71, 119 alerting function: of mass media, xviii, 41–43, 44, 49–52, 121, 159–60, 189n1, 193n1, 193n2; of television news, 52, 63, 123. See also agenda setting Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Zaïre (AFDL), 13 Amnesty International, 161 anchor-read stories, 189n1 Andrews, Edwin, 110 Angola, 3, 9, 13, 14, 70, 73, 74, 116, 182n14, 188n3 Annan, Kofi, 32, 72, 77, 81, 94, 97, 137 Anstey, Roger, 3, 5 Apter, Andrew, 67 Arab world, 133–34 Arusha Agreement, 145 Asian tsunami, 138 Asmalov, Gregory, 191n12 Associated Press, 104 atrocities, 35–36. See also rampages; rape; sexual violence attribute framing, 50 Australia, 152 Autesserre, Séverine, 11, 17, 35–38, 191–92n3, 192n7 Axworthy, Lloyd, 28 Azar, Edward, 10–11, 12, 17, 143 Babcock, Glenys, 168 Bandow, Douglas, 69 Banyamulenge, 113 Banyamulenge refugees, 100 Baril, Maurice, 27 Barouski, David, 47–48 Barre, Said, 147, 148 Barringer, Felicity, 97 Bartleman, James, 27 Basanisi, Matthias, 114 “Be a Witness” campaign, 193n4 Belgium, 3, 5–8, 19–22, 68, 147, 148, 180n9 Bell, Peter, 95–96 Bellafante, Ginia, 138 Bemba, Jean-Pierre, 14, 82, 86, 182n13, 189n6 Bennett, Lance, 136 Index 228 Berkeley, Bill, 60 Berlin Conference (1884–85), 4 Berthiaume, Christiane, 98 Berthiaume, J.A., 22 Bilak, Alexandra, 110 bin Arubi, Kikaya, 165 bin Laden, Osama, 134, 190n6 Biroto, Mwenge, 112 Bisimwa, Bertrand, 116 Blair, Dennis, 145, 146 Blue Nile, 146 Bonner, Raymond, 66, 69 Bosnia, 22, 102 Bourque, André, 110 Brennan, Richard, 101, 114 Brodey, Reed, 72 brutal repression frame, 59 Bukavu, 33, 100, 103, 127, 150 Buki, Sylvain, 84 Bunia, 33, 58, 108, 127 Burundi, 44, 78, 100 Bush, George H.W., 135 Bush, George W., 58, 95, 97, 131, 136, 137 Canada: contribution to ONUC, 23; opting out (2011), 190n10; participation in Operation Assurance, 26–27 Canadian Institute for Strategic Studies , 97 CARE, 95 Carson, Lesley, 72 Carter Center, 105, 169 Cato Institute, 69 CBS, 138, 186n12, 187n18 celebrities, 57, 62, 133, 139 Center for Conflict Resolution, 78 Central Organ Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, 29 Chalk, Frank, 153, 161 Challenger, Gray and Christmas, 137 Channel 4, 106 Chaon, Anne, 185n9 Cheeseboro, Anthony, 74 child soldiers, 53, 54, 56, 57, 105, 107, 112, 175, 177–78, 184n7, 194n1 Chiluba, Fredrick, 29 China, 146 Chirac, Jacques, 173 Chopra, Jarat, 156 Chrétien, Jean, 26–27 civil society, 161 Clark, Jeffrey, 148 Clark, John F., 46–47 Clinton, Bill, 27, 57, 72, 81, 135–36, 161 Clooney, George, 139 CNN, 186n11 CNN effect, xvii, 42, 45, 130, 159, 162, 184n1 Cohen, Bernard, 42 Cohen, Herman J., 86, 119, 189n10 Cohen, William, 119 Cold War, 8–9, 12, 59, 135 Colombia, 99 coltan, 15, 53, 56, 59, 174, 186–87n13 Conflict Minerals Trade Act, 194n2 conflict resolution, at community level, 37 communal or identity groups, 11 communication problems, 23 communism, 8, 59 compassion fatigue, 60, 69, 131 competing crises, 62 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 191n2 Cone, Jason, 96 Congo: background, 1–3; under Belgian rule, 5–8; descriptive language about, 174–75; fragmentation fears, 74, 75; lack of knowledge about, 134–35; lack of US interest in, 135–37; under Leopold, 3–5; under Mobutu, 8–9; mortality rate, 17, 113–14; negative images of, 134–35, 190n7; natural resources of, xvi, 1, 3, 15, 34, 75, 88, 92–93, 155, 166, 174, 194n2. See also eastern Congo Index 229 Congo conflict: assessments of media coverage of, 44–49; celebrities and, 139; compared with Darfur coverage, 128–40, 190n5; complex character/long duration of, 130–32; crises competing with, 138–39; framing, 9–12; lack of media coverage of, 109–10; perceptions of need for intervention in, 132–33; radical Islam and, 133–34; reasons for neglect, 130–39; television coverage of, 51–58, 121–23, 131, 138, 139. See also First Congo War; Second Congo War; Third Congo War Congo Free State, 4, 5 Congolese National...