Notes
253 Notes to Introduction 1 Betty Gale,“The Journal of Betty Gale: A Personal Account of Four Years of Civilian Internment in Occupied China” (Unpublished journal, July 1941–September 1945),Margaret Wightman Private Collection (hereafter MWPC),15. 2 Ibid. 3 Born Elizabeth (“Betty”) Durie Thomson, she is referred to in this book both as Betty Thomson (generally in reference to her childhood) and as Betty Gale. Mishkids Mary Boyd, Georgina and Jean Menzies, and Florence Mackenzie are similarly referred to by both their maiden and married names (Mary Stanley, Georgina Lewis,Jean Stockley,and Florence Liddell). 4 My gratitude goes to one anonymous reader of an earlier version of this manuscript , whose succinct description of the three main aspects of this story captured them so well that I have repeated them here much as they were presented to me in that reader’s written report. 5 See, for example: Peggy Abkhazi, A Curious Cage: Life in a Japanese Internment Camp, 1943–1945 (Victoria, BC: SonoNis Press, 2002); Bernice Archer, A Patchwork of Internment:The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese, 1941–1945 (New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004); Pierre Boulle, The Bridge over the River Kwai (New York: Presidio Press, 2007); Bruce Elleman, Japanese American Civilian Prisoner Exchanges and Detention Camps, 1941–45 (London: Routledge, 2006); Greg Leck, Captives of Empire:The Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in China, 1941–1945 (Bangor, PA: Shandy Press, 2006); Oliver Lyndsay and John R. Harris, The Battle for Hong Kong, 1941–1945: Hostage to Fortune (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005); Elizabeth Norman, We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese (New York: Random House, 1999). 6 The Japanese Consular Police were a private police force attached to Japan’s consulate office in China. See Erik W. Esselstrom, Crossing Empire’s Edge: Foreign Ministry Police and Japanese Expansionism in Northeast Asia (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press,2009). 7 Janet C. Ross Kerr,“Nursing History at the Graduate Level: State of the Art,”Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 11,no.1 (1994): 230. 8 Sonya Grypma, “Withdrawal from Weihui: China Missions and the Silencing of Missionary Nursing,1888–1947,”Nursing Inquiry 14,no.4 (2007): 306–19. 9 The broader issues identified and discussed by Ion were the influences of humanity on warfare, just penalties for war crimes, and differing perspectives of war across Notes Notes to Introduction 254 cultural boundaries. See A. Hamish Ion, “‘Much Ado about Too Few’: Aspects of the Treatment of Canadian and Commonwealth POWs and Civilian Internees in Metropolitan Japan,1941–1945,”Defence Studies 6,no.3 (2006): 292–317. 10 In the last decade more attention has been paid to the history of Canadian missions in China—both in Canada and in China. See Sonya Grypma, Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press,2008). 11 Grypma,“Withdrawal from Weihui,”316. 12 Hilda Elizabeth McIllroy was with the Church Missionary Society. She was interned at Yangchow B, Yangchow C, and Pudong Camps. Leck, Captives of Empire ,688. 13 Leck,Captives of Empire,679. 14 A Globe and Mail newspaper article in 1945 describes Hilda McIlfroy as the daughter of Mrs.Henrietta McIlroy,139 Galley Ave,Toronto.It also identifies McIlroy as a member of the Canadian Missionary Society, and a graduate of “St. John’s Hospital ”in Toronto. She had gone to China as a missionary nurse six years before and was “stationed at a hospital in Hanchow when captured by the Japs [sic].”“Canadians Believed in Japanese Hands,” Globe and Mail, 31 August 1945, Democracy at War: Canadian Newspapers and the Second World War, Canadian War Museum website,http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/intro_e.shtml. 15 Grypma,Healing Henan. 16 See Norman,We Band of Angels. 17 See Betty Jeffrey,White Coolies (Sydney: Angus and Robertson,1985). 18 Second World War poster featuring the Nurses on Corregidor.“Women Prisoners of War,” Website of Captain Barbara A. Wilson, USAF, 1996, http://userpages.aug .com/captbarb/prisoners.html. 19 Norman,We Band of Angels,129. 20 Norman, We Band of Angels; United States Department of Defense, We All Came Home (1985),documentary film. 21 Jeffrey, White Coolies; Australian Government Department of Veterans’ Affairs, “Australia’s War 1939–1945: Nurses Recovered,” http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/ behindwire/found.html. 22 Leck,Captives of Empire,620 and 652. 23 Utsumi Aiko,cited in Ion,“Much Ado,”294. 24 Ion,“Much Ado...
OR
