The One Best Way?: Breastfeeding History, Politics, and Policy in Canada

Introduction: The One Best Way?

xi You will be able to nurse the baby. Never think of anything else. Nursing the baby yourself is the one best way. —The Canadian Mother’s Book, published by the Department of Health, 1923 D r. Helen MacMurchy wrote the above words in Canada’s first piece of federal government-sponsored child-care advice literature for mothers. As the newly appointed head of the Division of Child Welfare, one of MacMurchy’s central goals during her tenure was to establish breastfeeding as “the Canadian way”—in spite of the already dramatic decline in breastfeeding rates observed across the country. While most of us are familiar with the refrain “breast is best,” few of us havemuchappreciationforhowbreastfeedingcametobeconsideredapublic policy concern. MacMurchy, as a social reformer and government official, viewed breastfeeding as a solution to the shockingly high rates of infant mortality during the first quarter of the twentieth century. Breastfeeding became a cornerstone of the federal campaign against infant mortality in the 1920s, and it emerged as part of the debates and policies surrounding issues of mothering. MacMurchy suggested that mothers were responsible for the future well-being of the country, and she described breastfeeding as a national duty. While the motivations behind her desire to increase breastfeeding rates are not as relevant in the twenty-first century as they were in the early twentieth century, breastfeeding has remained part of health and social policy debates. And, while the patriotic and moralistic tone of MacMurchy’s early messages might make modern-day readers cringe, nuances of her policies continue to linger in current discussions and debates regarding breastfeeding. Since MacMurchy created and wrote the first editions of The Canadian Mother’s Book in the 1920s, the federal government, in all its publications directed at mothers, has officially promoted breastfeeding as “the one best Introduction The One Best Way? xii Introduction way” to feed infants. However, although breastfeeding has consistently been considered the ideal form of infant feeding, this message has varied somewhat over time. For example, a glance at Canadian federal government publications over the past century demonstrates that the ideal length of exclusive breastfeeding has changed dramatically. In the 1920s, exclusive breastfeeding was recommended for nine months; in the 1950s, it was recommended for three months; and, at present, it is recommended for six months. As a physician, MacMurchy promoted scientific and medical solutions to child and maternal welfare, and she encouraged women to turn to scientific experts for advice on childrearing. Over the past century, breastfeeding guidelines have consistently been backed by both the state and science. Yet, MacMurchy also cautioned women to be wary of physicians who might prematurely or incorrectly advise them to shift from breastfeeding to bottlefeeding . While, on the one hand, educational materials for mothers have consistently promoted breastfeeding, on the other, scientific knowledge, medical and hospital practices, and a lack of attention to the material conditions of women’s lives have often undermined women’s ability to successfully breastfeed . As well, throughout the twentieth century, the constancy of “the one best way” message has contrasted sharply with changes in actual breastfeeding patterns. Choices about infant feeding have implications at both the individual level and the societal level. Consequently, over the twentieth century, physicians, nurses, midwives, government officials, social activists, international organizations , commercial formula manufacturers, psychologists, nutritionists, and, especially, mothers have all become involved in shaping breastfeeding policies and influencing trends in breastfeeding practices. Currently, policy on topics as diverse as early childhood development, nutrition and obesity, environmental sustainability, and childbirth practices emphasizes the importance of promoting breastfeeding. Breastfeeding continues to be inextricably linked with mothering and nutrition policy as well as with public health and health care system policy. Furthermore, it intersects with policy-making not only at provincial and federal levels but also at the international level through initiatives put forward by the World Health Organization and the United Nations. What is often missing from current discussions about breastfeeding is any knowledge of the historical circumstances that have shaped the major debates and policies. In this book, we describe the history of breastfeeding in Canada from the late nineteenth century to the present, outlining trends in breastfeedinginitiationandduration.Wecontextualizethesepatternsinrelation to breastfeeding policies undertaken between the 1850s and 2000s. In our analysis, we synthesize data from a range of primary and secondary sources, including government reports, medical journals, health and social statistics, food and nutrition policy documents, archival sources, and interviews with xiii Introduction...