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Appendix A: Biographical Sketches Lord Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-93) E dward Henry Stanley1 received his degree from Cambridge University and travelled in 1848 to the West Indies, Canada and the United States. During his absence he was elected (Conservative ) member of Parliament for King’s Lynn, which he represented until 1869. This was the beginning of a long career as a British statesman. In 1852 he went to India and, while there, was appointed under secretary for foreign affairs in his father’s first administration. His liberal tendencies led the Liberal Lord Palmerston to offer him the post of secretary of state for the colonies. On his father’s advice he refused the offer but accepted the post in his father’s second administration (1858). In the House of Commons he had charge of the India Bill of 1858 that ended the rule of the East India Company and marked the beginning of crown rule, the raj. Soon (May 1858) he was transferred to the India Office as secretary of state for India, a post which he held for a short time only as the Conservative government fell. He was then called upon to replace Sidney Herbert as president of the Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India (1859-63). It was in that function that his close relationship with Nightingale developed, attested to by an extensive correspondence. Once the report of the commission was completed, he remained active in its implementation and worked in connection with the Council of India. Throughout his career he was committed to the respect of Indian religions and established rights. Nightingale sometimes expressed impatience with Stanley’s slow pace in conducting business, mainly due to the ineluctable fact that 1 On Lord Stanley, the eldest son of the 14th earl of Derby, see the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004) 52:191-98. / 983 he was not Sidney Herbert, but on the whole she was appreciative of his work and commitment to India, and respected his political wisdom and generosity. He assisted her also by smoothing the way for her with Conservative politicians. She knew how to spur him, especially at the time of the implementation of the commission’s recommendations, and he regularly followed her advice. The abundant correspondence that has been preserved gives evidence of a real reciprocity. Her letters to him were generally marked ‘‘Answered’’ with the date. In 1866-68 Lord Stanley became secretary of state for foreign affairs in his father’s third administration, and again in 1874-78 in Disraeli’s government. By 1879 he was already showing that he had thrown his lot with the Liberal Party and in 1880 he publicly announced his change of allegiance. From 1882-85 he held the post of colonial secretary in Gladstone’s second government. When in 1886 the old Liberal party split over home rule, Lord Stanley/Lord Derby became a Liberal Unionist , taking an active part in the general management of the party and leading it in the House of Lords until 1891. He died in April 1893. Lord Stanley’s moderate liberalism was similar to Nightingale’s, although hers was the politics of her family, while his was a departure from his. There never was a close friendship between the two but their working relationship was solid and effective. Sir John Lawrence (1811-79) John Laird Mair Lawrence,2 descendent of a famous Whig family and controversial civil servant, went to India in 1829 along with his older brother, Sir Henry Lawrence, to serve with the East India Company. He soon became a magistrate and tax collector in Delhi, where he was known for his interest in the plight of the peasantry. During the First Sikh War, 1845-46, Lawrence organized the provision of supplies to the British Army in the Punjab and became commissioner of the Jullundur district, serving under his brother, who was then governor of the province. In that role he was known for his administrative reforms, for subduing the hill tribes and for his attempts to end the custom of suttee. In 1849, following the Second Sikh War, he became a member of the Punjab Board of Administration, again under his brother. In that 2 On John Lawrence see Charles U. Aitchison, Lord Lawrence; Reginald Bosworth Smith, Life of Lord Lawrence; and Dharm Pal, The Administration of Sir John Lawrence in India 1864-1869. 984 / Florence Nightingale on Health in India [3.128.199.210...

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