Zimbabwe's Exodus: Crisis, Migration, Survival

List of figures and tables

LIST OF FIGURES AND LIST OF TABLES v List of figures Figure 1.1: Recorded Cross-Border Movement from Zimbabwe to South Africa, 1983-2008 5 Figure 4.1: Emigration Potential by Age Group 120 Figure 5.1: Zimbabwean Health Professionals in the UK, 1995-2003 137 Figure 5.2: Registered Nurses in Zimbabwe, 1995-2001 138 Figure 5.3: Zimbabwean Nurses Registered in the United Kingdom, 1998-2007 139 Figure 5.4: The Stepwise Migration of Zimbabwean Nurse Professionals 140 Figure 5.5: Number of Nurses in the Public Health Sector, 1991-2000 142 Figure 5.6: Public versus Private Sector Share of Nurses 143 Figure 6.1: Zimbabwean Applications for Asylum in the UK (Excluding Dependants), 1998 to 2006 157 Figure 6.2: Reasons for Leaving Zimbabwe 159 Figure 6.3: Pre- and Post-Migration Employment 162 Figure 6.4: Numbers of Hours Worked Per Week 166 Figure 6.5: Conditions for Return to Zimbabwe 170 Figure 6.6: Changes That Would Encourage Development Contribution 172 Figure 9.1: Annual Arrivals in Johannesburg 226 Figure 9.2: Cumulative Zimbabwean Population in Johannesburg 227 Figure 9.3: Economic versus Political Reasons for Migration 229 Figure 9.4: Annual Arrivals in Johannesburg by Sex 231 Figure 9.5: Age Profile of Zimbabwean Migrants in Johannesburg 232 Figure 13.1: Average Share of Expenses Paid from Remittances 316 Figure 14.1: Monthly Average Household Income 327 Figure 14.2: Relationship of Remitters to Recipients in Low-Density Harare 330 List of tables Table 1.1: Location of Zimbabwean Migrants Within SADC 6 Table 1.2: Zimbabwean Migrant Stock by Region 7 Table 1.3: Location of Zimbabweans in South Africa, 2001 8 Table 1.4: Stated Purpose of Entry from Zimbabwe to South Africa, 2002-8 8 Table 1.5: Zimbabwean Entrants to United Kingdom, 2002-7 9 Table 1.6: Length of Migratory Experience 10 ZIMBABWE’S EXODUS: CRISIS, MIGRATION, SURVIVAL vI Table 1.7: Demographic Profile of Migrants 11 Table 1.8: Occupational Profile of Zimbabweans 12 Table 1.9: Frequency of Return 13 Table 1.10: Sex of International Migrants, 2005 17 Table 2.1: White Population Increase 1891-1969 55 Table 2.2: White Population by Country of Birth, 1901-1956 57 Table 2.3: White Population by Country of Birth, 1969 58 Table 2.4: White Net Migration and Natural Increase, 1901-1969 58 Table 2.5: White Population Sex Ratio, 1901-1956 59 Table 2.6: Racial Composition of Population, 1911-1951 59 Table 2.7: Net White Migration, 1921-1964 60 Table 2.8: Net White Migration, 1972-1979 62 Table 2.9: Africans Employed in Mining, 1906-10 64 Table 2.10: African Population by Nationality, Salisbury, 1911-1969 65 Table 2.11: Origin of African Male Employees in Zimbabwe, 1911-1951 66 Table 2.12: Foreign Workers in Zimbabwe, 1956 67 Table 2.13: Foreign Workers in Commercial Agriculture, 1941-74 67 Table 2.14: Contract Labour Migration to South African Mines, 1920-90 68 Table 2.15: Foreign Black Workers Employed Legally in South Africa 69 Table 2.16: Immigrants to Zimbabwe by Category, 1978-1987 71 Table 3.1: Urban Population Growth Rates,1982-2002 82 Table 3.2: Provincial Population Distribution by Land-Use Category, 1992 and 2002 84 Table 3.3: Provincial Population Growth Indices, 1992-2002 88 Table 3.4: Interprovincial Lifetime Migration, 2002 91 Table 3.5: Inter-Censal, Interprovincial Migration, 2002 93 Table 4.1: Employment Sectors of Professionals 115 Table 4.2: Distribution of Professionals’ Race and Residence 116 Table 4.3: Age and Sex of Professionals 116 Table 4.4: Demographic Profile of Students 118 Table 4.5: Commitment to Emigrate Amongst Skilled Zimbabweans 121 Table 4.6: Potential Destinations of Emigrants from Zimbabwe 124 Table 4.7: Satisfaction with the Quality of Life in Zimbabwe 125 Table 4.8: Perceptions of Future Conditions in Zimbabwe 126 Table 4.9: Comparison Between Zimbabwe and Most Likely Destination 127 LIST OF TABLES vII Table 4.10: Student Satisfaction/Expectations about Economic Conditions 128 Table 5.1: Profile of Nurses 135 Table 5.2: Distribution of Zimbabwe-Trained Nurses, 2005 136 Table 5.3: Registered Nurses, 1997-2000 140 Table 5.4: Nurse Staffing Patterns at Selected Public Health Institutions 144 Table 5.5: Most Likely Destinations of Zimbabwean Migrants 145 Table 5.6: Reasons for Intention to Move 146 Table 5.7...