Saving Face: Disfigurement and the Politics of Appearance

Index

>> 251 Ableism, 29, 85, 187, 196–199. See also Disability; Disfigurement imaginary About Face (UK), 120 About Face Canada, 199 About Face USA, 199 Academy Awards, 142–144. See also Saving Face Academy of Cosmetic Surgery, 49 Acid violence, 142–144. See also Saving Face Aesthetic intervention, 8, 17; and innovation, 147; as life saving work, 6, 175–178, 180. See also Cosmetic surgery; Facial work; Reconstructive surgery Aestheticization, 23, 141–142, 199, 216. See also Appearance Agency, 144, 175, 226n68. See also Social change Agich, George, 165, 170 AIDS, 106–107, 122, 136, 140 Althusser, Louis, 29 American Journal of Bioethics, 159–178. See also Bioethics American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 52 Andrejevic, Mark, 66 Apfel, Iris, 191 Appearance, 11; and gender, 78, 91; ideals, 140–142; industries, 71; and inequality, 198; and norms, 5, 6, 8, 18, 49; and optimization, 5, 33, 55, 101; and repair, 5. See also Beauty culture; Disfigurement Autoethnography, 211–212 Barnes, Colin, 218n10 Baylis, Francoise, 149 Beauty culture, 3, 50, 57, 73–74, 194, 198, 217n1; and celebrities, 138–142; and girls, 2–5. See also Aestheticization; Appearance; Body project; Cosmetic surgery Benjamin, Harry, 224n18. See also Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association Standards of Care Bioethics, 43; debates about face transplantation, 159–178; metaethics, 177–178; protocols, 166–169; in transplant surgery, 149–150 Biomedicalization, 19, 23, 26, 55, 56, 182; of difference, 29; transnational, 106, 109, 123–131 Bioprospecting, 109 Body: and embodiment, 200; size, 11; sociology of, 12–17, 26–27, 43. See also Face Body project, 33, 141. See also Cosmetic surgery; Facial work; Reconstructive surgery Boswell, Holly, 99–100 Bourdieu, Pierre, 218n15 Breast feeding, 108 Bricolage, 32 Bully, 113 Burn injury, 15, 29, 74, 148, 189, 196; from acid attack, 142–143; and burn camp, 201–208, 211–212. See also Reconstructive surgery Index 252 > 253 and ableism, 29; definition of, 30; on Extreme Makeover, 49–51, 56, 66, 67, 68, 70, 74–75; and face transplantation, 150, 151–159, 160–161, 167–175; and facial feminization, 82–86, 90, 94, 95, 100–102, 103; and intervention, 44–45; and Operation Smile, 114–115, 120–121, 124, 135, 141–144; and social change, 196–199, 216. See also Ableism; Suffering Disorders of sex development, 26, 34, 91– 92, 195, 220n27, 232n15. See also Genital surgery; Intersex Doctors Without Borders, 106 Dorr, Donal, 126 Down syndrome, 15 Dubernard, Jean-Michel, 145, 148 Dull, Diana, 87 Durkheim, Emile, 220n12 Ekman, Paul, 14 Elective surgery, 3, 50–51, 83, 101 The Elephant Man, 186 Employment discrimination, 16 Ethnicity, 4, 13, 14 Ethnography, 95, 209; of face transplantation, 151; of facial feminization, 82; multi-sited, 210 Evanier, Mark, 66 Extreme Makeover, 5, 18–19, 20–21, 47–75, 107, 110, 112, 140, 150, 175; in American culture, 222n6; application process, 57–61; methodological approach to, 210; as a vital intervention, 180–184 Face: before and after images, 33, 95–96, 111, 115, 220n23; functions of, 13, 24–26, 33, 131–135; and identity, 12, 13, 14, 164–166; metaphors about, 24; physiology of, 11, 13; in psychology, 14, 15–16; role in communication, 108; and sex difference, 87–95; as a sociological object, 12–17; universal features, 110, 155–156. See also Body Face replantation, 148. See also Disfigurement; Face transplantation; Reconstructive surgery Face transplantation, 5, 22, 102, 145–178, bioethics of, 159–178; emergence of, 151; history of, 145–150, and immunosuppression, 162–163, 175; methodological approach to, 211; news coverage of, 145–146, 228n3; as nonvital, 154, 169–175; in popular culture, 147; research on, 151–159; risk of, 153, 161–169 Face-work, 6, 24–30. See also Facial work; Goffman Facial feminization, 5, 21, 46, 50, 107, 110, 76–105, 113, 150, 175; benefits of, 96–97; and gender, 86–95; marketing of, 82–86; methodological approach to, 210–211; and passing, 97–102; plastic surgery research on, 87–89; and reconstructive surgery, 83–86, 96; as a vital intervention, 180–184. See also Gender; Ousterhout, Douglas; Transgender Facial work, 17–18, 24–46; definition of, 26, 29; gendered, 76–105; in a global context, 106–144; as lifesaving intervention, 18–19, 23, 30–31, 37–42, 46, 65–71, 95–102, 111, 114–115, 118–135, 150, 154–159; as normalization, 31, 34–37, 43–46; and reconstructive surgery, 29; as repair, 31, 32–33, 61–66, 69–70, 107–131. See also Aesthetic intervention; Cosmetic surgery; Facework ; Reconstructive surgery Facing Forward Inc., 199 Facism, 14...