The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America

Index

>> 253 Index Adoption and Safe families Act (ASFA), 109 Agricultural Adjustment and National Industrial Recoveries Act, 67 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program, 51 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 108 Alexander, Michelle, 155 American Bar Association, 166 American Correctional Association (ACA), 14 American exceptionalism, 3–5, 18 American Probation and Parole Association (APPA), 14 Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 66, 74, 104, 117, 146 Applegate, Brandon K., 71 Arrests, 92, 98, 147, 152; and prison populations , 12, 32–33, 36; and recidivism, 98, 156 Austin, James, 187, 224n9 Beck, Allen, 32–34 Beckett, Katherine, 134 Black men, 2, 26, 63, 131–133, 135, 142, 143, 147, 155–156 Blumstein, Alfred, 27, 32–34, 56 Boot camps, 12 Braman, Donald, 149 Brown v. Board of Education, 54 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 87–88 Bush, George H. W., 13, 42, 62 Bush, George W., 13–14 Cadora, Eric, 177, 179 California Probation Subsidy Program, 182–183 The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. See President’s Commission Children, 95, 105–110, 147–149, 154–155, 211n128, 222n53 Civil Rights Act, 61 Civil War, 143 Clear, Todd, 138, 143 Clinton, William J., 12, 42, 68, 72, 75, 101, 105, 108, 146, 201–202n39 “Coercive mobility” effect, 223n62 Cohen, Stanley, 24 Collateral consequences, 101, 125–126, 130, 154, 155, 176 Community Protection Act, 94 Community supervision, 82, 121–124; and control vs. adjustment, 122; effects of, 156–157; function of, 122; intensive supervision probation (ISP), 91–93; justification of, 122; parole, 18, 77–79, 86–87, 91, 132, 169–170, 203n12; probation , 18, 21, 24, 59, 91; surveillance of sex offenders, 93–94, 208n72, 208n78; treatment , 124 Correctional populations: cost, 20–21; growth of, 4, 8, 16, 29–34; Iron Law of, 32, 160; by offender type, 21. See also Prison populations Council of State Governments Justice Center , 174–175, 176 Crack cocaine, 117, 165 Crime, 11, 21; causes of, 58, 72; control of, 12; decline, 6, 11–13; dynamics, 62; governing through, 13; nonviolent, 22; rates, 11, 13, 15, 34–39, 57, 73, 114, 152; reduction of, 139– 140, 151–152; responses to, 59–60; violent, 11, 21, 35–37, 42–43, 72, 75, 83, 86–87, 120, 127, 135, 138 Cullen, Francis T., 71 Death penalty, 2, 147 Democrats, 12 254 > 255 Labor market, 131–132; and drug markets, 43, 132–133; and race, 131 LaFond, John, 97 Latent aims, 130–135, 137, 153 “Law ‘n’ order,” 60, 61, 72, 128 LeBlanc, Adrian, 149 Lemert, Edwin, 182 Length of stay, 78, 84, 88, 135, 160, 162; reducing, 168–174 Lichtenstein, Alex, 142–143 Liedka, Raymond, 140 Life without parole, 2, 90, 147, 169, 173, 207n57 Maddox, Lester, 61 Mandatory minimums, 84, 104, 145, 164, 214n17 Mandatory sentencing, 31, 81, 82, 83–88, 116–118, 163–168 Manifest aims, 127–130 Mannheim, Hermann, 28 Martinson, Robert, 63, 75, 91 Mass incarceration, 4, 6, 10, 17, 21, 24, 26, 45, 56–57, 65, 113, 137, 139, 144; community effects, 149–151, 153–155; cost of, 20–21, 212n1; discourse, 4; geographic distribution, 24–25; rates over time, 25–26; rationale, 2 Mauer, Marc, 56 McKay, Henry, 150 Measure 11 (Oregon), 164 Medicare, 68 Medicaid, 68 Megan’s Law, 94, 95, 127 Michigan’s Prisoner Reentry Initiative, 170 Minority communities, 26, 43, 110, 153–154 Morris, Norval, 28, 56 Nagin, Daniel, 121 National Academy of Science, 121 National Criminal Justice Commission, 163 National Housing Act, 51 New Deal, 50–52, 67, 108 Nixon, Richard, 42, 61, 62, 72 Nonviolent offenders, 8, 24, 172 Obama, Barack H., 12 Open Society Institute, 175, 177 Parental incarceration, 110, 147, 149 Parole, 3, 13, 18–20, 24, 63, 77–79, 86–87, 91, 132, 169–170, 203n12; parole boards, 64 Pell Grant program, 102–103 Penal code reform, 22, 152 Penal experiment, 6, 7, 9, 14, 24, 44, 47, 56, 57, 63, 66, 68, 81, 135, 139, 140–141, 155, 188 Penal policy, 5, 7, 15, 115; and the cycle of growth, 147; and judicial discretion, 115–118; reform, 12 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 108 Petersilia, Joan, 14, 91, 92, 161 Pew Center on the States, 21, 175 Piven, Frances Fox, 51–52 Policy initiatives, 66–67, 104, 109–110, 188 Policy regime, 55 Politics, 58; of crime, 12, 13, 57; and elections, 5; get-tough, 2, 5; of imprisonment, 172, and punishment, 137, 145–146; and race, 60 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967 Crime Commission...