Traders and Raiders: The Indigenous World of the Colorado Basin, 1540-1859

Index

index Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations. Ackall, W. M., 187 (n. 14) Acorn cultivation, 36–38, 42, 92, 182 (n. 45) Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850), 109, 118 Act to Provide for the Better Organization of Indian Affairs in California (1864), 135 Adelman, Jeremy, 161 (n. 24) Adoption: of kidnapped children, 2–3 Agriculture: changes in dominant crops, 92, 182 (n. 45); current practices in, 143–44; and early anthropological studies, 142–43; homesteaders in, 135; irrigation in, 44, 138; during Little Ice Age, 28, 36, 42; origins of, in interior world, 29–30; raiding for access to land for, 84; on reservations, 118, 119, 120, 140, 143–44; subsistence, 183 (n. 73). See also specific crops Akimel O’odhams: agricultural production of, 138–40; diseases’ impact on, 58; in final wars of 1850s, 129; as focus of study, 20; kidnappings by, 1–3, 160 (n. 5); in Maricopa-led alliance, 56; migration of, 35–36; oral histories of, 35–36; population density of, 37; raiding of agricultural land and, 84; uprisings by, 66–67, 176 (nn. 83–84); U.S. relationship with, 138–40 Alarcón, Hernando: arrival in Colorado Basin (1540), 7, 23–24, 25; Cocopahs’ encounter with, 23–24, 25–27, 51–52; vs. Kino, journeys of, 53; Natives’ descriptions of interior world to, 25–27; population estimates by, 60; Quechans’ encounter with, 30; relaciones of, 26, 34–35; roads as information highways and, 49; on Zuni/Hopi towns, 34–35 Alcaldes, 68, 93 Alcohol consumption, 93 Algodones Quechans, 113–14, 128–29 Allende, Isabel, 187 (n. 13) Alliances: expansion of captivity networks and, 65; Maricopa-led, 55–56, 57, 61, 84–85; Quechan-led, 55–56, 57, 61, 172 (n. 11); in raids, 95–96, 104, 111–12; significance of, 55–56; in uprisings, 66–68, 176 (n. 83) Allotment Act of 1889, 135 Allotment system, 135, 141, 144 Alta California: Bourbon Reforms in, 179 (n. 4); chronology of livestock raiding in, 153–54; diseases in, 92–93; Dominican missions in, 3, 67; Franciscan missions in, 3–4, 67, 92–95, 160 (n. 9); Mojave raiding in, 77–79, 95–96; rise of raiding in, 92–97; Spanish exploration of, 164 (n. 4). See also specific missions Altar, 175 (n. 64) Anderson, Gary, 8 Anderson, M. Kat, 45–46, 169 (n. 106) Andrews, Ferdinand, 138–39, 190 (n. 48) Anglo-Americans: use of term, xi–xii Animals: in evidence of tribal migrations, 36. See also specific types Anishinaabe, 11, 162 (n. 29) Anishinaabeg, 11, 162 (n. 29) Anishinaabewaki territory, 16, 161 (n. 19) Anthropology: early studies in, 141–43 Antonio, Juan, 120, 121 Anza, Juan Bautista de, 67, 70–72 Apachería territory: expansion of, 56; map of, 26; Mojaves and Yokuts viewed as agents of expanding, 95; use of term, 8, 161 (n. 19) Apaches: captivity networks of, 64; in final wars of 1850s, 126–27, 129; horses of, 64– 65, 91, 175 (n. 71), 181 (n. 39); kidnapped by Akimel O’odhams, 1; Mexicans’ relationship with, 90–92; raiding by, persistence of, 116–17; raiding of livestock by, 77–78, 90–92, 117, 181 (n. 35); Spanish campaigns against, 67; Spanish deportation of, 84, 180 (n. 18); uprisings by, 66–67; U.S. campaigns [228] index against, 137, 139; U.S. relationship with, 131 Appadurai, Arjun, 167 (n. 57) Argüello, José Darío, 74, 179 (n. 121), 180 (n. 15) Argüello, Luis, 87–89 Arizona: current status of tribes in, 17–18, 134, 144; map of tribal lands of, 10; reservations in, 134 Armijo, Antonio, 183 (n. 2), 190 (n. 50) Armona, Matías de, 67 Army, U.S.: agricultural products sold to, 138–40; campaign against raiding, 99–100; Gila River controlled by, 118. See also Forts, U.S. Arnold, Jeanne, 167 (n. 64) Aron, Stephen, 161 (n. 24) Arrillaga, José Joaquín de, 61, 174 (n. 46), 181 (n. 33) Art. See Rock art Asistencias, 96 Aspenosay, 124–25 Athabascan linguistic affiliation, 161 (n. 19) Atishwin, 50 Atlantic world: connotations of term, 16; oceanic orientation of, 15–16; scholarship on, 11, 163 (n. 52) Autonomy, Native, 115–31; expansion of mining and, 115–18; final wars and end of, 125–30; paradoxical relationship between captivity and, 6; persistence of, after Spanish arrival, 14–15; transportation networks in, 14–15; U.S. forts and end of, 115–16, 118–25 Avie Quah-la-Altwa, 21 Avikwaame Mountain, 48 Aysa, Castillo de, 178 (n. 104) Baja...