Innocent Weapons: The Soviet and American Politics of Childhood in the Cold War

Notes

227 Notes abbreviations BSA Boy Scouts of America Archive, Irving, Texas DDE Library Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas DOSAAF Volunteer Society for Cooperation with the Army, Aviation, and Fleet (Dobrovol’noe Obshchestvo Sodeistviia Armii, Aviatsii, i Flotu) GARF State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii), Moscow GSA Girl Scouts of America Archive, New York, New York HST Library Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri JFK Library John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts LBJ Library Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas RGALI Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Literatury i Iskusstva), Moscow RGANI Russian State Archive of Contemporary History (Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii), Moscow RGASPI Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii), Moscow SANE Papers of the Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania TVA Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas WSP Papers of Women Strike for Peace, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania introduction 1. Appy, Cold War Constructions; Hixson, Parting the Curtain; Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War; Parry-Giles, The Rhetorical Presidency. 2. See, for instance, Nicholas Cull’s analysis of the British campaign to solicit American support in World War II. Cull, Selling War; Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion. 3. Scott, Seeing Like a State, 2. 4. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound. 5. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 239; Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity, 23. 6. Latham, Modernization as Ideology. 7. Scott, Seeing Like a State. 8. Herman and Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent. 9. Suri, Power and Protest. 228 Notes to Pages 7–19 10. Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions; LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War; Westad, The Global Cold War; Suri, Power and Protest; Kwon, The Other Cold War. 11. Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall argue in a similar theoretical vein that America’s continued waging of the Cold War could be traced not to ideological belief but to the actions of individuals and institutions that had a vested interest in keeping the war going. Craig and Logevall, America’s Cold War. 12. Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture, 10, 98; Graebner, “Myth and Reality,” 20; Wall, Inventing the “American Way.” 13. Mastny, The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity; Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War; Zubok, A Failed Empire. 14. Carruthers, “Review of American Cold War Culture,” 956–58. 15. Barthes, Mythologies, 58. See also Adorno and Bernstein, Culture Industry. 16. Haraway, The Haraway Reader, 5. 17. Barthes would make this argument later in life. See Barthes, Camera Lucida. 18. Lotman, “O Semiosphere”; Lotman and Uspenskii, The Semiotics of Russian Culture. 19. Ariès, Centuries of Childhood. 20. Higonnet, Pictures of Innocence, 28. 21. There is a difference between how “childhood” as an idea and how the lived experiences of children are studied. The field of children’s history (the history of understanding children’s lives) has advocated increasing separation in analysis of childhood stages. See, for instance, Hawes, Children between the Wars; Calvert, Children in the House; Steedman, The Tidy House; Clement, Growing Pains; Tuttle, Daddy ’s Gone to War; Kelly, Children’s World; and Ball, And Now My Soul Is Hardened. 22. See Klein, “Family Ties and Political Obligation: The Discourse of Adoption and the Cold War Commitment to Asia,” in Appy, Cold War Constructions. See also Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America. 23. Foucault, “Ceci n’est pas une pipe,” 6–21. 24. Fass and Grossberg, Reinventing Childhood after World War II, xi. 25. Wall, Inventing the “American Way,” 1–10. chapter one 1. “XI S”ezd Vsesoiuznogo Leninskogo Kommunisticheskogo Soiuza Molodezhi, stenograficheskii otchet, 29 March–8 April 1949,” RGASPI f. m6, op. 11, d. 27, l. 90. 2. Mitz, The Great TV Sitcom Book, 458. 3. “Conference on Children and Youth,” New York Times, 16 December 1950, 11. 4. Tuttle, Daddy’s Gone to War, 5; Kucherenko, Little Soldiers. 5. Mintz, Huck’s Raft, 80; Balina and Dobrenko, Petrified Utopia, xviii; Tolstoy, Detstvo; Wachtel, The Battle for Childhood; Gorky, Childhood; Creuziger, Childhood in Russia; Levander and Singley, The American Child; Holl, Juvenile Reform in the Progressive Era; Olich, Competing Ideologies and Children’s Literature in Russia; Mead and Wolfenstein, Childhood in Contemporary Cultures; Ball, And Now My Soul Is Hardened; Kirschenbaum, Small Comrades; Fass and Mason, Childhood in America; Kelly, Children’s World; Zahra, Kidnapped Souls. Notes to Pages 20–27 229 6. Pionerskaia...