The Work of Recognition: Caribbean Colombia and the Postemancipation Struggle for Citizenship

Index

313 Index Acosta, Joaquín, 81–82 Acosta de Samper, Soledad, 114, 121, 127 Africa, 172 African American colonization, 113–14 African Diaspora: Colombia’s place in, 3, 11, 14, 17 Afro-Colombians: population of, 2, 230; slavery conflated with, 2–3, 37, 114; and Obeso’s vision of citizenship, 2–3, 118–22, 124, 229; histories of, 3; as bogas, 75; barbarism associated with, 112, 231; and popular politics, 137–40; and Catholic Church, 172; and triethnic amalgam, 222; and political culture, 223; and mestizaje, 228–29; recognition of, 229–31 Age of Revolution, 6, 224 Aguilar, Frederico, 171, 172, 176 Ancízar, Manuel, 80, 104, 112, 123 Antúñez, Manuel, 26 Apprenticeship system, 24 Araújo, D. H., 113 Arboleda, Julio, 47, 68, 69 Arboleda, Sergio, 47, 127, 152 Arhuaco people, 208, 228 Arosemena, Justo, 127 Arosemena, Pablo, 154 Artel, Jorge, 234 (n. 8) Artisans: and emancipation, 21, 27, 40; and citizenship, 24; and democratic societies, 24–25; and equality, 34, 40; on free trade, 34, 44; and debtors’ prison, 38; and jury trials, 38, 40–41, 43; and race mixing, 41–42; and size of army, 44; and military coup of 1854, 47; and Nieto, 57; and market economy, 73; and female labor, 78–79; and steamboats, 92; and Carnival , 137; and popular politics, 138; and Catholic Church, 147–48; and Rafael Núñez, 155, 156, 165, 181, 208; and labor organizations, 180–81; and Thousand Days’ War, 208, 209, 210 Authoritarian ethos, 164, 167 Authority: punishment for disrespect for, 38, 88, 166, 179, 183, 186, 206; of individual leaders, 72; in public opinion, 127; and popular politics, 132–33, 147, 150, 163; of Catholic Church, 167–68, 169; of Congress, 220 Azuero, Pedro Navas, 56–57 Ballestas, Benigno, 144 Banana industry, 16, 215, 217, 220, 221, 223 Barbarism: and letrados, 13, 100, 117; barbarian democracy, 47, 50; and education, 108, 109, 110; AfroColombians associated with, 112, 231; white civilization distinguished from, 112–13; Obeso on, 121, 126; and marriage and divorce rights, 152 Barranquilla, Colombia: demographic patterns of, 14, 16; and Liberal Party, 17, 150, 201–2; as commercially dynamic settlement, 22, 92; social class in, 26; manumission ceremonies in, 30; and cholera epidemics, 40, 49, 188; education in, 102, 110; and popular politics, 134; Carnival in, 137, 158, 167, 168, 210, 223–24; cemetery of, 147–48, 158; and San Roque church, 149, 168, 224; and Gaitán Obeso, 160–61; marketplace of, 183–84; and poor relief, 188; and Thousand Days’ War, 208, 210 Barrera, Plácido, 82, 83 314Index Belonging: means of, 1; universal sense of, 2, 6; and emancipation, 4, 5, 18; egalitarian modes of, 6, 34, 37; religious belonging, 7; vernacular sense of, 8; and public-private distinctions, 10; Obeso on, 101, 122; erudition and philology as markers of, 111; local boundaries of, 132; and inequality, 227 Black Atlantic: studies of, 19 Bogas: kinship relations of, 5, 78, 79, 85; and independence from wages, 8, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85, 87, 96; strike of 1857, 10, 13, 74, 85–91, 98; as feminized, uncivilized labor force, 10, 80; as term, 11; commercial capital against, 13; and military coup of 1854, 45; and trade recession, 55; and champanes, 73, 75–78, 79, 82, 83, 91, 94, 158, 177; inspección de bogas, 74, 82–85, 94; and patrones, 75, 77, 79, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87–88, 89, 90; and free trade, 75, 78, 80; and merchants, 77, 78, 79–84, 85, 89; control of labor, 77–78, 80, 91, 173; anti-boga rhetoric, 80–81, 82, 89, 92–93, 98, 119, 176, 225, 226; and boga clause, 81, 88, 178; and postal service , 86–87, 88, 89, 90; and civil war of 1859–62, 89; and delays in wage payments , 90–91; and steamboats, 91–92; leisure strikes, 97; and labor policies, 99; Obeso on, 101; and costumbrismo, 115, 116; and taxation, 142, 158, 177; and sexual deviancy, 152; and Catholic Church, 168; diminishing presence of, 176–77; and Thousand Days’ War, 205–6, 211, 214, 218 Bogotá, Colombia: and Obeso, 1, 104, 125, 129; artisans of, 24, 27, 34, 40, 138, 169, 181; and abolitionist petitions, 28; demographics of, 40; and military coup of 1854, 47; and 1861 conquest by Liberal armies, 60, 66–67, 129, 160; and women, 63, 125; and letrados, 99–100; and Thousand Days’ War, 196; marketplaces of, 214 Bolívar, Simón, 44, 45–46, 65, 144, 157, 158, 224 Bolívar Railway...