Black Faces, White Spaces: Reimagining the Relationship of African Americans to the Great Outdoors

Index

167 Adler, Jerry, 50 Advertisements, 27, 78, 79, 80 Affirmative action, 96–97, 148 (n. 4) African American Experience Fund, 82 African American identity, 4, 5, 13, 54, 62, 72; defining, 19, 86–87; no common understanding of, 98–99, 149 (n. 9); and representations, 6, 69–70, 145 (n. 3) Agyeman, Julian, 42 Allen, Will, 31 American Beach (Amelia Island), 18, 60, 63–64, 88, 144, 147 (n. 40) American Hiking Society, 85–86, 147 (n. 41) American Museum of Natural History, 39 Austin, Alison, 103–4 Baartman, Saartjie, 40 Backpacker (magazine), 2 Bamboozled (film), xvii, 145 (n. 5) Beck, Glenn, 42 Benga, Ota, 41 Bennett, William, 102 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 30 Betsch, MaVynee, xvi, 60, 63–64, 88, 144 (n. 18) Big Cypress National Preserve, 12, 81 Birmingham, Ala., 46, 118 Biscayne National Park, 12, 30, 81, 83–85 Bishopville, S.C., 127–28 Black Codes, 37, 117 Black Feminist Thought (Collins), 16 Blackness, 99, 122, 145 (n. 4); negative images of, 40–41, 67, 71–72, 86–87, 130; thin and thick, 53 Black Rage (Grier and Cobbs), xiii, 86 Bogle, Donald, 72 Breaking the Color Barrier in the Great American Outdoors conference, 112–13 Bronx Zoo, 41 Brower, David, 44 Bündchen, Gisele, 17, 32 “By any means necessary,” 31, 142 (n. 12) California Land Claims Act, 37 Cane River Creole National Historical Park, 66, 85 Carter, Majora, xvi, 31 Carver, George Washington, 30 Center for Whole Communities (CWC), 111–12, 150 (n. 32) Chenzira, Ayoka, 67 Chicago, Ill., 125–27 Chinese, 22–23, 36, 37, 39 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 61 Civil Rights Act, 43, 44–45, 46–47, 130 Clayborne, Bernadette, 64 Clifton, Lucille, 1, 51 Clinton, Bill, 101 Cobbs, Price, xiii, 86 Coleman-Adebayo, Marsha, 150 (n. 33) Collective memory, 10, 18, 28, 50, 52, 131; and African American history, 18, 53–66, 99, 118; environmental interactions shaped by, 56–62; feelings provoked by, 64–66; South Florida struggles over, 62–64 Collins, Patricia Hill, 15–16 Index 168 in dex Conservation, 4, 34, 44, 47, 61, 64, 66, 88, 100, 103; emergence of ideology, 29, 36, 37, 39 Conservation and Eugenics (Wohlforth), 40 Corcoran Gallery of Art, 43, 138 Cose, Ellis, 95 Costner, Kevin, 49–50 Cowles, Carla, 51, 89 Critical race theory, xvii, 52, 113, 128, 133 Cronon, William, 48–49 Cultural trauma, 53, 54 Curtis Act, 37 Dances with Wolves (film), 49–50 Daniels, Carole, 82 Daniels, Ron, 93, 94 Davis, Gentry, 99–100 Davis, Viola, 145 (n. 8) Dawes Act, 37 Dearborn, Mich., 144 (n. 20) Delaney, David, 18, 54 Delonas, Sean, 32 DeLuca, Kevin, 16, 35 Devil’s Tower, 24 DeWolf, Harold, 48 The Dictionary of Human Geography, 93 Diverse Partners for Environmental Progress summit, 92, 102, 110 Diversity, 66, 68, 86, 88, 96–97, 111, 131; debates over merits of, 93, 148 (n. 1); environmental organizations and, 19, 25–26, 89, 99–100, 107; National Park Service and, 26, 29–30, 97, 101–2, 104–5 Douglas, William O., 45 Douglass, Frederick, 43 Drew, Leonardo, 43 Du Bois, W. E. B., 62, 96, 137 Dunaway, Finis, 76, 77 Dyson, Michael Eric, 19, 52, 113 Earthwise Productions, 12, 89, 108 Ebony (magazine), 80–81 Ecological Revolutions (Merchant), 119 Edmondson, Dudley, 89–90 Elder, Glen, 2, 28, 40 Emancipation Proclamation, 36, 37 Emel, Jody, 2, 28, 40 Environment: African American relationship to, 9, 79, 98–102, 105–6, 117–18, 123–28, 129, 131–34; collective memory and, 56–62; defined, 4, 91; geography of experience and, 54; human relationships to, 47–48, 56–57, 77; management of, 18–19, 20, 36, 69, 90, 91, 93, 110; and race, 2, 15, 38–39, 44, 130; racialization and representation of, 2, 4–5, 7, 10, 17, 27, 35, 68–69, 79; slaves and, 57–59 Environmental history, 5, 7, 84, 128; conflicted , 10, 140 (n. 7) Environmentalism, 9, 17, 25–26; as term, 3, 4 Environmental justice, 8, 92, 148 (n. 3); emergence of movement for, xiii, 26, 94; relegation of African American environmental interactions to, 108–9 Environmental narratives, 2, 7, 17, 18, 23–25, 28–29, 35–36, 54, 57, 68, 76, 130; African Americans and, 6, 30–31, 65–66; Euro-American view, 3, 27, 48–49; on relationship with nature, 23–24, 141 (n. 4); transmission of, 78–80 Environmental organizations and movement : African Americans and, 9, 11, 17, 19–20, 31, 91, 102–4, 107; challenges to representational norms within, 88; and diversity, 19, 89...