209 Absenteeism, 41, 114, 126–28, 131, 133–41, 149, 182 (n. 50). See also Straggling African Americans: assistance to soldiers, 14, 117, 119, 179 (n. 89); supposed resistance to disease, 19–20, 30; newspapers, 23, 31 Ague, 47, 52 Alcohol, 28, 31, 63, 71, 112, 121–22, 133, 138 Alcoholism, 27–28, 31, 63 Alexandria, 67 Allegheny Mountains, 37, 39, 41, 83 Allopathy, 30 Ambulances, 3, 52, 77–78, 82, 86, 136–37, 140, 148 American Journal of the Medical Sciences , 20 American Medical Association, 17, 28 Anemia, 19, 104 Antietam, 78 Army Corps of Engineers, 81 Army of Northern Virginia, 35, 41, 44–46, 89, 100, 118, 121, 136, 144–45, 172 (n. 77), 173 (n. 98), 181 (n. 4), 182 (n. 28), 184 (nn. 77, 93) Army of the Potomac, 2, 7, 14, 35, 39, 41, 44–45, 48, 61, 76, 85–89, 109, 138, 160 (n. 29), 161 (n. 38), 181 (n. 4) Army regulations, 12, 15, 37, 64, 160 (n. 29); of sanitation and supplies, 5–6, 32, 72–77, 89, 96, 148, 157 (n. 4); of straggling, 134, 137, 140, 142 Artillery, experiences of soldiers serving in, 11, 63, 103, 105, 109, 117, 129, 135, 147 Association of Army and Navy Surgeons of the Confederate States, 79 Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane, 28 Asylums, 28, 33 Autopsies, 29 Banks, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P., 38–39, 41, 64, 138, 165 (n. 13), 172 (n. 69) Bath County, 38, 54 Bathing: as self-care, 2, 61, 73, 100–104, 172 (n. 74), 175 (n. 3), 176 (n. 6); antebellum , 32; required by officers, 32, 150. See also Hygiene, personal Batholow, Dr. Robert, 150–51 Beaver Dam Creek, battle of, 44 Beds, 6, 22, 46, 54, 57, 85, 104–5, 107, 114–23 passim. See also Self-care: techniques: protection from elements ; Sleep Bellows, Henry Whitney, 75, 80 Benjamin, Judah P., 142–43, 164 (n. 10) Bichat, Xavier, 29 Big Sandy, 41 Blankets, 38, 47, 56, 58, 66, 71, 89, 104–5, 109, 115, 119–20, 123, 129–31, 144 Blenker, Brig. Gen. Louis, 82, 138 Blood poisoning, 84, 93 Blue mass. See Mercury Blue Ridge Mountains, 37 Boston Journal, 106 Botanico-Medical College of Ohio, 31, 150 Bowel complaints, 18, 23, 53, 59–60, 92, 96, 113, 115. See also Diarrhea; Dysentery Index 210 / Index Buchan, William, 22 Bucking and gagging, 133–34, 137. See also Discipline, military Budd, William, 29 Burnside, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E., 140 Camp: effects on environment, 1, 46, 52, 56, 83, 87, 89, 101, 105–6, 108, 111, 147, 176 (n. 27); facilitation of self-care, 5, 14, 71, 96, 100–113 passim, 132–33, 147, 177 (n. 45); civilian inspections of, 5, 32–33, 71, 75–77; design and sanitation guidelines , 5, 65, 72–74, 77, 86–89, 126, 158 (n. 4), 170 (n. 36), 177 (n. 57); influence on health, 5–15 passim, 31, 35–37, 42, 45–62 passim, 68, 76, 82–83, 89, 93–94, 96, 100–101, 105, 108–11, 114–15, 121, 123–24, 135, 141, 147, 150–51, 172 (n. 75); winter, 6–7, 38, 42, 106; conditions and straggling, 94, 127–33, 141 Camp fever. See Typhoid Capital punishment. See Punishment: capital Catarrh, 60 Cavalry, experiences of soldiers serving in, 4, 11, 42, 46, 64, 100, 103–4, 112, 114, 130, 132–33, 135, 139, 182 (n. 28) Cemeteries, 72 Centreville, 88 Chaplains, 48, 51, 54–56, 63, 66–67, 70–71, 90 Charlottesville, 128, 149 Chicago Tribune, 41, 96, 150 Chickahominy River, 42, 44–46, 48, 52, 56, 62, 84, 108, 185 (n. 7) Chickenpox, 7 Chiggers, 109 Cholera, 19, 29, 32, 52, 86, 95 Christian Recorder, 97, 122 Circular No. 2, 77 Cities, considered unhealthier than countryside, 7, 16–24, 35, 45 Civilians —aid to soldiers, 11; near frontlines, 2, 14, 117–19, 127–31, 144, 146; from home, 2, 67, 79, 99, 115–22, 142, 149, 179 (n. 94); through organizations, 3, 65, 72, 75, 78. See also Ladies’ aid societies; Sanitary Commission, U.S. —antebellum: experiences with health care, 1, 4, 17, 22, 24, 31–32, 67, 98–101, 116–17, 144; differences from enlisted life, 5, 50, 56–57, 102–4, 124 —wartime attitudes, 12; toward command and medical infrastructure, 65, 74, 80, 92, 97, 141, 149; toward common soldiers, 66, 68, 95–98, 120, 132, 146, 148, 150; toward U.S. Sanitary Commission, 68–69, 71–72 Class, social, 3, 4, 8...