Conceiving Freedom: Women of Color, Gender, and the Abolition of Slavery in Havana and Rio de Janeiro

Notes

223 Notes abbreviations AGCRJ Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil E:E Coleção Escravidão: Emancipação AHMIP Arquivo Histórico do Museu Imperial, Petrópolis, Brazil AGP Arquivo Grão-Pará CPOB Coleção Pedro d’Orleans e Bragança ANB Arquivo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CAE Corte de Apelação, Escravos ANC Archivo Nacional de Cuba, Havana AH Fondo Audiencia de La Habana CA Fondo Consejo de Administración CB Fondo Casa de Beneficencia GG Fondo Gobierno General GSC Fondo Gobierno Superior Civil ME Fondo Miscelánea de Expedientes ROC Fondo Reales Órdenes y Cédulas VI Fondo Valle Iznaga BNJM Biblioteca Nacional José Martí, Havana MMR Archivo del Museo Municipal de Regla, Havana, Cuba JLPR Documentos de la Junta Local de Patronato de Regla NAL National Archives, London, UK FO Foreign Office Papers introduction 1. “Documentos conteniendo instancia de Ramona Oliva, sobre sus hijos María Fabiana y Agustina,” ANC, ME, legajo 3724, expediente T, 1883. 2. “Josepha/José Gonçalves de Pinho,” ANB, Juízo de Órphãos, ZM, número 2198, maço 2292, 1884. 3. Throughout this book, Brazil and Cuba are referred to as “countries” for convenience , although Cuba remained a Spanish colonial possession until 1898. 4. For a brief statistical overview, see Chapter 2. 5. See, especially, Chalhoub, Visões da liberdade; Mattos de Castro, Das cores da liberdade ; Scott, Slave Emancipation; Scott, “Reclamando la mula de Gregoria Quesada.” 6. The need to consider gender when thinking through the “meanings of freedom ” has been pointed to by scholars; this book builds on their observations. See, for 224 / Notes to Pages 2–5 example, Mattos de Castro and Rios, “O pós-abolição como problema histórico,” 173– 74; Scott, “Exploring the Meaning of Freedom,” 423. 7. This may be because such activities were indeed mainly pursued by men, and/or may reflect masculinist bias in the sources or their interpretation. For a recent analysis, see Thompson, “Gender and Marronage in the Caribbean.” 8. Landers, “Maroon Women in Colonial Spanish America,” 3. Landers’ own piece remains one of relatively few studies of women and marronage. 9. On the problem both of insisting on seeing only “resistance” or “accommodation,” as well as the way “resistance” is defined as being only “collective,” see Chalhoub, Visões da liberdade, 250–52; W. Johnson, “On Agency.” On women and “resistance,” see, for example, Bush, “Towards Emancipation.” 10. Stubbs, “Social and Political Motherhood of Cuba”; Stubbs, “Race, Gender and National Identity.” On women’s roles in the wars and rebellions, see Prados-Torreira, Mambisas. 11. On Isabel’s “Redeemer” image before and after her death, see Daibert, Isabel. For a recent gendered analysis of her life, see Barman, Princess Isabel of Brazil. For the new interpretations of abolition in the 1980s, see, for example, Damasceno and Giacomini, Caminhada estudiantil pela verdadeira abolição. 12. On women and abolitionism, see Castilho and Cowling, “Funding Freedom”; Cowling, “Debating Womanhood”; Ferreira et al., Suaves Amazonas; Kittleson, “Women and Notions of Womanhood”; Kittleson, “Campaign of All Peace and Charity.” 13. For the term “black city” for Rio, see Chalhoub, Visões da liberdade, chapter 3. For Havana as an “African city,” see Matt D. Childs’s forthcoming research project, “An African City in the Americas: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Havana, Cuba, 1762–1867.” 14. The literature on women of color in the cities of the slaveholding Americas is very large. For two broad collections whose essays focus on urban life to a significant degree, see Gaspar and Hine, More than Chattel and Beyond Bondage. For a study whose findings on gender, geography, manumission, and urban life are often similar to those of the present study, see Hünefeldt, Paying the Price of Freedom, 1, 93–94, 117– 28, 183, 205. On enslaved and freed women of African descent in Rio, see, for example, Faria, “Sinhás Pretas”; Farias et al., No labirinto das nações, ch. 5; Karasch, “Anastácia.” On Havana, see Hevia Lanier, Mujeres negras libres; Mena, “Stretching the Limits.” 15. Alencastro, O trato dos viventes, 345–53; see also Marquese, “The Dynamics of Slavery in Brazil.” 16. For reflections on this for Brazil, see Alencastro, O trato dos viventes, 352–53. 17. The literature on manumission, and the tendency for women to be manumitted , is vast. On Brazil, see Karasch, Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 335–61; Libby and Graça Filho, “Notarized and Baptismal Manumissions...