Paulo Freire and the Cold War Politics of Literacy

Notes

Abbreviations APE-PE Arquivo Público Estadual de Pernambuco APE-RGN Arquivo Público Estadual de Rio Grande do Norte BCNC Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile, Santiago Carter Library Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, Georgia CCIAF Churches’ Commission International Activities Files CCPDF Commission on Churches’ Participation in Development Files CPDOC Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro DOPS Departamento de Ordem Político e Social (Department of Political and Social Order), Pernambuco FRUS U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958–68) FUNESC Fundação Espaço Cultural da Paraíba in João Pessoa (Cultural Space Foundation of Paraíba), Arquivo Histórico, João Pessoa, Paraíba IP Inquérito Policial IPF Instituto Paulo Freire (Paulo Freire Institute), São Paulo JFK Library John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts PPPUS Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington: Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1961–62) RG 59 Record Group 59, Department of State, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland RG 84 Record Group 84, Department of State, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland RG 286 Record Group 286, U.S. Agency for International Development, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland SECERN Serviço Cooperativo de Educação (Cooperative Education Service) Sergipe Inquérito Poder Judiciário, Estado de Sergipe, Comarca de Aracaju—Segunda Vara Criminal, Forum Gumercindo Bessa, Auditória da Sexta Regiao Militar (Exército, Marinha, e Aeronautica) Bahia—Sergipe Number 27/65, 1965 STM Superior Tribunal Militar (Military High Court), Brasília UCA Universidad Centroamericana, Instituto de Historia de Nicaragua y Centroamérica, Managua WCCA World Council of Churches, Archives, Geneva Notes 172 notes to pages 1–6 Introduction 1. Freire’s longtime associate Marcos Arruda plays with one of these images when he has President Luís Inácio Lula da Silva mistake St. Peter for Freire in “Crônica de Amanha,” in Cartas a Lula, p. 228. See also the discussion of Freire as myth in Alípio Casali and Vera Barreto’s preface in Ana Maria Araújo Freire, Paulo Freire, pp. 20–21. 2. See Westad, Global Cold War, particularly pp. 3–7, 32–38, 67–72, 86–109, and 396–404; and Cullather, “Miracles of Modernization,” p. 231. 3. Graff, Labyrinths of Literacy, pp. 2–3. Graff argues that simple causal linkages between literacy and development are not sustained by historical evidence. See also Staples, Birth of Development, particularly pp. 1–12, although she does not address literacy itself. Nor does Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development, or Saldaña-Portillo, Revolutionary Imagination. For a recent discussion of the presumed link between literacy and development, see Bartlett, “Human Capital or Human Connections?,” particularly pp. 1613–18 and 1628–30. 4. Cullather, “Miracles of Modernization,” p. 227; Weinstein, “Developing Inequality.” 5. Graff, Labyrinths of Literacy, p. 30. 6. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes, pp. 96–97, 272–74, and 377–86. For a different perspective, which stresses a more mainstream European acceptance (and a more complicated etiology) of planning, see Judt, Postwar, particularly pp. 67–77. On the increasing acceptance in the United States of the idea of planning (and particularly how it played a role in the postwar transformation of Japan), see Westad, Global Cold War, p. 24. See also Arnove and Graff, National Literacy Campaigns, p. 3. 7. Graff, Labyrinths of Literacy, pp. 35 and 61; Arnove and Graff, National Literacy Campaigns, pp. 5, 6–8, and 10–17. Regarding “modernity,” see Cooper, Colonialism in Question, particularly pp. 113–49. 8. Bhola, Campaigning for Literacy, pp. 39–57; Ben Ekloff, “Russian Literacy Campaigns, 1861–1939,” in Arnove and Graff, eds., National Literacy Campaigns, pp. 127–29, 134–35, 138– 41, and 144–45. See also Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, pp. 1–2 and 25–26; Fitzpatrick , Education and Social Mobility in the Soviet Union, pp. 9, 158–59, 161–64, and 171–72; Gail Warshofsky Lapidus, “Educational Strategies and Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Soviet Development,” in Fitzpatrick, ed., Cultural Revolution in Russia, pp. 79–80; and Reese, Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers, pp. 80–82. Regarding the New Economic Policy phase, see Clark, Uprooting Otherness, pp. 15, 17–19, 32–33, 36–37, 72, 87–88, 93, 115–16, 170, and 178–80. 9. Charles W. Hayford, “Literacy Movements in Modern China,” in Arnove and Graff, eds., National Literacy Campaigns, pp. 163–64...