Black Muslim Religion in the Nation of Islam, 1960-1975

Index

index : 229 Abu Bakr, 83, 182 Africa: and transnational exchange of liberation discourses, 36–37; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 77, 79, 86–92 African American Christians, 16, 37 African American culture: and African American Muslim identity, 8; and communalism, 23, 27; and religious culture of Nation of Islam, 69; and bodily care, 96; and popular culture, 97, 129 African American Muslim identity: dynamic nature of, 6–7; and intellectual and creative activity, 7; and Afrocentrism , 8; and Islamic world, 8–9, 65; as transnational, 9; and Islamic legitimacy, 10; authenticity of, 31, 38; and imagined community, 68, 85; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 68–69, 73–74, 82, 91, 92–93, 180, 184–85; and ritualized activities, 136; role of Nation of Islam in, 178; and Bilal, 180–84; and Muhammad Speaks, 191 (n. 29); and religio-racial histories, 208 (n. 5) African American Muslims: opposition to Elijah Muhammad, 5; and Ahmadi translation of Qur9an, 46; and Sunni Islam traditions, 176; and immigrant Muslims, 183, 185; and slavery, 183– 84; diversity of, 185; and racial discrimination , 186 African American religious communities, as predominantly Christian, 4, 190 (n. 14) African dancers, 172 Afro-Asian Conference, Bandung, Indonesia , 38 Afrocentrism, 8, 9, 87, 211 (n. 70) Afro-Eurasian Islamic traditions: and defense of Elijah Muhammad’s Islamic legitimacy, 44, 46, 56, 59; and Prophet Muhammad, 59; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 79; and bodily care, 98; and religious culture of Nation of Islam, 178 Agnita X, 153, 156 Ahmad, Ghulam Ahmad, 46–47 Ahmadiyya movement, 5, 46–47, 83, 204–5 (n. 40) Alberta 4X, 154 Alcohol consumption, 101, 127, 168, 185 Al-Ghareeb, Zahid Aziz, 43 Ali, John, 171 Ali, Muhammad, 82, 119–20, 157, 163 Ali, Noble Drew, 59 Ali, Yusuf, 49 Allen, Pearl X, 224 (n. 138) Allen, Richard B., 70 Allen, Steve, 171 Allen 3X, 108–9 Amena Pastry Shop, 106 American Catholicism, 130 American identity, Nation of Islam’s rejection of, 9 American Muslim community, 186 American Muslim Mission, 176 Amina, 149–50 Anderson, Aaronetta X, 82 Anderson, Benedict, 68 Angelo 3X, 73 Ann 3X, 20, 74 Index 230 : index Anne 3X, 27 Ansari, Samuel, 181 Apocalyptic views: Elijah Muhammad’s use of, 12, 18, 163; and ethical code as protection, 29 Arabic language, and prescribed prayers, 132, 133, 160 Arabic language study: Naeem’s advocacy of, 41; and Nation of Islam members , 41, 44, 45–46; at Universities of Islam, 44, 45, 154; and defense of Elijah Muhammad’s Islamic legitimacy, 44–45; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 91 Arnetta X, 30 Asia: and transnational exchange of liberation discourses, 36–37; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 77, 79 Atterbury, Marie, 17 Attica prison uprising, 144 Baer, Hans A., 128 Baghdadi, Ali, 45 Baker, Silas A., 139 Banneker, Benjamin, 72 Baraka, Amiri, 88, 91 Barboza, Stephen, 163 Beards, 116, 216 (n. 84) Beatrice X, 18, 20, 107 Bell, Catherine, 135–36 Bell, Clara E. 4X, 31 Bennett, Michael, 96 Bercovitch, Sacvan, 127, 128 Berg, Herbert, 48 Berry, George E. X, 143 Berry, Warner X, 18 Beverly 3X, 114, 139 Bilalian News, 180 Bilal ibn Rabah, 82–83, 180–84, 226 (n. 16) Birth control, 121–23, 124, 125–27 Black Arts Movement, 89 Black consciousness movement: Nation of Islam members disagreeing with, 8; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 86–92; and dress and adornment , 114–15 Black families, and bodily care, 96, 97 Black fraternal orders, 127 Black History Month, 70. See also Negro History Week Black history narratives, 69. See also Historical narratives of Nation of Islam Black Jews, 97, 98 Black Latinos, 85–86 “Black Muslims on the Move in Prison,” 144, 145 Black nationalism, 2, 36, 69, 92 Black origins: Elijah Muhammad’s myths concerning, 11, 18–19, 73; and historical narratives of Nation of Islam, 69, 74, 75–76, 77, 82, 88, 90, 93; and Universities of Islam, 158; and Wallace D. Muhammad, 176 Black Panther Party, 86, 90 Black power movement, 73 Black racism, 4 Block, Merv, 5 Blyden, Edward W., 212 (n. 90) Bodily care: and protection, 17, 96, 118– 21; and eating habits, 27, 33, 98–109, 114, 127, 133–34; and clean living, 27–28, 97, 110, 112, 127, 129, 133, 137; and African American culture, 96; and dress and adornment, 109– 18, 128, 161; and sexual reproduction, 119, 121–23, 124, 125–27; and punctuality , 161; and urban African American rumor and folklore, 212–13...