index Abd el-Kader, 94, 108; perceived as Arab warrior, 88–90 Abdülhamid II, 146–48, 156, 208 Abhednanada, Swami, 212, 216 Acrobats, 116–17, 129–34, 207, 223 Adams, Mrs. Lawrence, 247 Adler, Cyrus, 154, 155 African Americans: as consumers, 17, 169, 201, 233–35, 247; as spiritual entrepreneurs, 238–39, 251; as ‘‘Asiatics ,’’ 246 Ahmadiyya missionaries, 241 Aida (opera), 101 Aladdin, 33; as metaphor for individual in capitalism, 15, 154, 231, 242, 253 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 75 Alexander, Mohammad Ali, 221 Alger, William, 51 Ali, Master Hazrat Ismet, 245 Ali, Noble Drew, 245–47 Al-Raschid, Harun, 27, 37, 30 American Geographical Society of New York, 93, 96 American Holy Land Exploration Society, 86, 93 Anatolia, 34, 66. See also Ottoman Empire Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, 8, 16, 80, 98–110, 123, 138, 152–63, 202, 207, 228; Medinah Temple (Chicago) membership, 154, 161; Arab patrol troupes, 158–59, 168; Oriental bands, 159–60, 168; imitative orders, 163–64 Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, 17, 138, 164–70, 234; legal conflicts with white Shriners, 167–69, 242 Antimaterialist critique: of modern America , 209, 225 Arabian Nights, 11, 15, 35, 45, 50, 68, 104, 114, 124, 172, 240; antebellum adapted translations in English, 19–25; as children ’s literature, 24–25, 49, 178; as metaphor for luxury or the incredible, 32; attempts to verify by tourists in Ottoman Empire, 36–38; Gilded Age adapted translations in English, 42–43, 46; female characters in, 174, 178; challenged as obscene, 177–78; adapted to late nineteenth-century popular entertainments , 178–80, 190 Arabs: as Anglo-American cliché of ‘‘common misunderstanding,’’ 70–71; as immigrants to United States, 111, 125–27, 212; as entertainers, 112–35; as entertainment industry term, 116, 130; as rough rider horsemen, 120–25, 149–50, 163; as romantic desert sheiks, 206, 223. See also Bedouin Arabs; Desert romance genre; Valentino, Rudolph Arab warrior: perceived as masculinist patriot, 88, 122; as Masonic persona, 104; as trickster, 106, 122, 160–64; in ‘‘Sheik’s entertainment’’ narratives, 124–25; combined with Oriental tale by Shriners, 152, 163, 166–67, 170. See also Bedouin Arabs; ‘‘Street Arab’’ Ashley, Kathleen, 113 Audiences: power and fickleness of, 10, 55, 78; antebellum Anglo-American audiences, 32, 51–52; Bayard Taylor and, 70–73; Freemasons as, 81; satire of Anglo-American audiences, 99–101; of circuses and wild west shows, 118– 19; vaudeville audiences, 129, 134; of 336 ...Index peep shows, 180, 195; of Eastern dance shows, 183–84, 185, 188, 194; of early cinema and nickelodeons, 195, 203; women as audiences for Eastern men, 206, 210, 215–17, 220; of fortunetellers , 218, 220, 233; radio audiences, 236. See also Freemasons; Lyceums Barnum, Phineas Taylor, 57, 114, 176 Barton, Bruce, 227 Barton, Sara, 64 Battle of Wounded Knee, 121, 128 Bayrooti Troupe, 133–34 Bedouin Arabs: perceived by AngloAmericans as misunderstood, 70–71; as ‘‘free sons of the desert,’’ 94, 112, 115–16, 123–25, 155; as masculine mystics, 96, 102; portrayed in circuses and wild west shows, 112–25; relations with Ottoman administration, 116, 122–23. See also Arabs Bektashi Sufi order, 101 Bell, Daniel, 55 Ben Ali, Hassan, 130, 132 Benchérif, Osman, 203 Bengalee, Sufi M., 242 Ben Said, Abdullah, 116, 119 Berghold, Captain, 187 Bible, 5, 21, 35, 56, 77, 84, 87, 176 Bishop, Morris, 202 Black Shriners. See Ancient Egyptian Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine Black spiritualism, 239–41; and popular conceptions of ‘‘race,’’ 241, 250–51 Blake, Caesar R., 169 Blavatsky, Helena P., 94–96, 100, 219 Bloom, Sol, 151, 181 Blunt, Lady Anne, 90 Braden, Charles, 241 Braude, Anne, 210 Brown, Emily, 213 Browne, John P., 90 Browne, Ross, 35, 66 Bruseaux, Sheridan A., 246 Bryant, William Cullen, 75 Buddhism, 208, 252 Burton, Richard, 96; and wife, Isabel, 90 Butler, Judith, 14 Byron, Lord (George Gordon), 26, 27, 75 Café Chantant, 176–77 Cagliostro, Allesandro, 93 Calder, Lendol, 231 Campbell, Colin, 21 Campbell, I. C., 6 Capitalism: and communication, 9–10; and consumption, 12, 114, 126, 200; and crisis of 1890s, 139–40; and American identities, 206; Great Depression as crisis of, 228–29, 231–32, 234, 251, 254 Capone, Al, 232 Carnegie, Dale, 232, 233 Carnivals, 130, 190, 192–93. See also Coney Island Carpets, Oriental: marketing in United States, 44–46 Carter, Charles, 229 Cayton, Mary, 69 Celebrity, modern, 237 Chicago Defender, 237, 239, 242 Chinese Americans, 212 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 101, 127...