notes abbreviations The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes. AAONMS Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine CHM Miscellaneous Pamphlets, Chicago History Museum, Chicago, Ill. JMP Joseph T. McCaddon Papers, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library, Princeton, N.J. NIP ‘‘Negro in Illinois’’ Papers, Vivian G. Harsh Research Collection of Afro-American History and Literature, Carter C. Woodson Regional Library, Chicago Public Library, Chicago, Ill. SRES Saram R. Ellison Scrapbooks, Humanities Microfilms, Theater Collection, Visual and Performing Arts Division, New York Public Library, New York, N.Y. introduction 1. Both Marr and McAlister rightly explain American depictions of the Muslim world as products of Americans’ context and thinking about the interrelation of global issues and domestic subjectivities. Yet neither account in any theoretical way for the role of capitalism in determining how these sources were produced, distributed, and consumed , for the practical realities of the creative process in a market economy, or for the communications between author and audience that determined to which representations and performances people gave cultural authority by paying for them. Marr, Cultural Roots; McAlister, Epic Encounters. 2. The classic texts here are, of course, Said, Orientalism; Said, Culture and Imperialism. 3. On the political and intellectual context of Said’s scholarship, see Aruri and Shuraydi , Revising Culture; Ashcroft and Ahulwalia, Edward Said; Lockman, Contending Visions, 148–214. The recent abundance of syntheses on postcolonial and Saidian theory intended for undergraduates attests to the fact that scholarly analysis in this mode has become utterly conventional. This literature is far too large to discuss at length here, so see, for instance, Gandhi, Postcolonial Theory; Catherine Hall, Cultures of Empire; Valerie 256 ...Notes to Pages 4–6 Kennedy, Edward Said; Macfie, Orientalism; Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory; Schwarz and Ray, Companion to Post-Colonial Studies. 4. This field is also impossibly large, so see, for example, Ackerman, ‘‘Gérôme’s Oriental Paintings’’; Beaulieu and Roberts, eds., Orientalism’s Interlocutors; Behdad, Belated Travelers; Bhabha, ‘‘Of Mimicry and Man’’; Codell and Macleod, Orientalism Transposed; Dunch, ‘‘Beyond Cultural Imperialism’’; King, Orientalism and Religion; Reina Lewis, Rethinking Orientalism; Lowe, Critical Terrains; MacKenzie, Orientalism; McClintock, Imperial Leather; Said, ‘‘Orientalism Reconsidered,’’ 89–107; Warraq, Defending the West. 5. Numerous authors are guilty of this, but for some prominent examples of this construction, see, for instance, Christison, Perceptions of Palestine, 16; Little, American Orientalism, 9; Suleiman, Arabs in the Mind of America. 6. See, for instance, Bernstein and Studlar, Visions of the East; Holly Edwards, Noble Dreams; Hammons, ‘‘American Images of Arabs’’; Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 107–21; Obeidat, American Literature and Orientalism, 19, 23–24; Obenzinger, American Palestine; Porterfield, ‘‘Baghdad on the Hoosic’’; Schueller, U.S. Orientalisms; Steet, Veils and Daggers; Sweetman, Oriental Obsession; Tchen, New York before Chinatown. 7. Initially inspired by the spirit the second Great Awakening, 100 or so young Yankees traveled to the Middle East between 1819 and 1900 primarily to convert Eastern Christians to Protestantism. The few Eastern Christians who did convert did so at some personal risk, and during their first thirty-five years in Greater Syria, the total number of conversions for American missions was less than sixty-five. By 1900 there were in fact fewer Christians in the region than there had been in 1800 due to emigration. Daniel, ‘‘American Influences,’’ 77–78; Finnie, Pioneers East, 108, 123–24, 134; Khalaf, Cultural Resistance, 107–41, 177–85; Makdisi, ‘‘Reclaiming the Land of the Bible,’’ 690–97; Obenzinger , ‘‘Holy Land Narrative,’’ 241–67; Tibawi, American Interests in Syria. On American academic interest, see Lockman, Contending Visions. Historians who study Americans abroad have shown that local populations often made their own self-interested use of missionaries, tourists, or diplomats or rejected them altogether, restricting American influence abroad greatly in spite of any confident statements to the contrary Americans made at the time. Dunch, ‘‘Beyond Cultural Imperialism,’’ 301–25; Makdisi, Artillery of Heaven, 140–213; Nance, ‘‘Facilitated Access,’’ 1056–78; Reid, Whose Pharaohs. 8. [Crosby], Lands of the Moslem, 17–18. 9. Silbey, Storm Over Texas. 10. There are too many examples to list here, but for examples drawn from the last thirty years and various disciplines, see Brody, ‘‘Fantasy Realized,’’ 10–19; Hammons, ‘‘American Images of Arabs,’’ iii; Porterfield, ‘‘Baghdad on the Hoosic,’’ 113–14; Said, Culture and Imperialism, 341–408; Shamir, ‘‘ ‘Our Jerusalem,’’’ 31. 11. David Hall, Cultures of Print, 180. Of the textual bias that drives most cultural analysis, Claire Sponsler notes that since at least the...