Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History since 1898

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CONTENTS Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv Introduction I ONE 1898—Background and Immediate Consequences TWO Reshaping Puerto Rico's Economy, 1898-1934 33 THREE Political and Social Struggles in a New Colonial Context, 1900-1930 52 FOUR Americanization and Its Discontents, 1898-1929 74 FIVE Economic Depression and Political Crisis: The Turbulent Thirties 95 SIX Cultural Debates in an Epoch of Crisis:National Interpretations in the Thirties 1 1 7 SEVEN Turning Point in the Forties: Rise of the Partido Popular Democratico 136 14 EIGHT Birth of the Estado Libre Asociado 162 NINE Transformation and Relocation: Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap 179 TEN Politics and Culture in the Epoch of PPD Hegemony 201 ELEVEN PPD Hegemony Undermined: From Mobilization to Recession, 1960-1975 223 TWELVE Rethinking the Past, Betting on the Future: Cultural Debates from the Sixties to the Eighties 247 THIRTEEN Economic Stagnation and Political Deadlock, 1976-1992 267 FOURTEEN Politics and Social Conflict in the Epoch of Neoliberalism, 1992-2004 291 FIFTEEN Neonationalism, Postmodernism, and Other Debates 316 Conclusion 335 Notes 343 Bibliographical Essay 383 Index 399 viii * CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS, TABLES, AND FIGURES ILLUSTRATIONS Luisa Capetillo 67 Rosendo Matienzo Cintron 71 Nemesio Canales 82 Meeting of the Partido Nacionalista in SanJuan 106 Pedro Albizu Campos speaks at the funeral of the Nationalists killed during the RioPiedras massacre in Margot Arce and LuisPales Matos 126 Julia de Burgos 130 Luis Muftoz Marin addresses a gathering during the founding convention of the PPDin 1940 137 Juan Santos Riveraand Juan Saez Corales 140 Luis Muftoz Marin speaking to Governor Rexford Guy Tugwell 146 Francisco Colon Gordiany 155 A march past the front gates of the Universityof Puerto Rico during the 1948 student strike 159 Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia is greeted in October 1949 by Vito Marcantonio 160 Ramon Medina Ramirez and Jose RiveraSotomayor 166 Women employed in light manufacturing in the 19303 191 Fernando Sierra Berdecia posing with the staff of the Migration Office in New York City in 1948 197 Puerto Rican farm workers in the United States in the 19503 198 Cesar Andreu Iglesias 215 NilitaVientos 217 Juan Mari Bras and Ruben Berrios228 Electric system workers in a picket line in front of apower station during a protest in the mid-1970s 234 A meeting of ASPIRA in 1965 239 Piri Thomas 263 Luis A. Ferre and Carlos Romero Barcelo 279 One of many marches during the 1980-81 student strike at the Universityof Puerto Rico 282 Rafael Hernandez Colon 288 Union protest against privatization 298 A march against the U.S.Navy presence in Viequesin 2000 301 Participants in civil disobedience activities on one of the navy-held beaches in 2001 302 MAPS I.I The Caribbean 4 1.2 Puerto Rican Municipios 6 2.1Crop Distribution and Demographic Growth, 1900-1935 34 14.1Puerto Rican Population in the Fifty States, 2004 307 14.2 Principal Metropolitan Areaswith Puerto Rican Population, 2004 308 x * ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES I.I Periods of Puerto Rican History since 1874 8 9.1Land Tenure in Puerto Rico, 1940 and 1950 187 9.2 Employment, Unemployment, Labor Force Participation, and Out-Migration in Puerto Rico, 1950-1965 195 FIGURES 7.1Political Parties in Puerto Rico, 1899-1940 143 9.1 Federal Expenditures and Excise Tax Income, 1940-1949 188 9.2 Emigration from Puerto Rico, 1900-2000 196 13.1 GNPand GDPin Puerto Rico, 1947-2000 271 13.2 Index of Personal Income in Puerto Rico and U.S.Regions, 1930-2000 274 13.3 GDPper Capita of Puerto Rico, the United States, and Latin America, 1950-1998 276 ILLUSTRATIONS *xi This page intentionally left blank ...