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index ABB. See African Blood Brotherhood Abeng (newspaper), 198, 201, 212 (n. 6) Abiodun, Nehanda, 244 Abolitionism: black writers on, 93–94; politics and religion joined in, 59–60; slave petitions and, 51–52. See also Slavery and slave trade; Slaves Abolition of Slavery Act (Britain, 1833), 96, 103 (n. 87) Abu-Jamal, Mumia, 244 ACLM. See Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement Adams, John Quincy, 86 Adeleke, Tunde, 39 (n. 44) Africa: academic studies of, 2–4; Cold War–era accomplishments of, 22; hip hop in, 248–49, 257 (n. 41); neglected in diaspora studies, 131, 149 (n. 3); “outside liberator” mythologies in, 152 (n. 69); response to Bolshevism in, 157; as symbol, 48; vernaculars of, 249–50, 257 (n. 44) African Americans: Africans’ progress compared with, 216; as agents of modernism, 11; daily frustrations of, 191–92; and engagement with South Africa, 132–34, 149 (n. 8); as free black community, 5–6, 92–93, 95; Gandhianism and, 181–84, 189–94; identification as, 56; migration of, 9; and protest of draft, 218–19; Providential Design and, 39 (n. 44); response of to U.S. invasion of Haiti, 98–100; use of term, 130. See also American Negroes; Black Power; Civil rights movement African Blood Brotherhood (ABB): and break with UNIA, 21; communist links of, 159; description of, 13–14; goal of, 157, 159–60; women in, 20 African Churchman (periodical), 12 African Diaspora: academic studies of, 90, 131, 149 (n. 3); concept of, 48; evidenced in British West Indian newspapers, 121–22; first resettlement community of, 54; homeland memories in, 48; Islamic influences in, 13–14. African Methodist Episcopal Church, 54, 133–34 African National Congress (ANC): antisegregation activities of, 138; banned in South Africa, 24; communist members of, 203; electoral defeat of, 251; participants at meetings of, 134–35; resurgence of, 32; SASO’s difference from, 28; unbanning of, 250; Youth League of, 148 African Opinion (magazine), 125 (n. 14) African Orthodox Church, 12, 13 African Studies Review (journal), 149 (n. 3) African Universal Church and Commercial League, 12–13 African World (newspaper), 138 Age of Revolution. See Revolutionary era Algeria: Cleaver in, 220–21; as model, 224; revolution in, 23, 24 Ali, Muhammad, 26, 219 Ali, Noble Drew, 14 Allen, Richard, 54, 55, 57, 69 (n. 13), 150 (n. 33) American Federation of Labor, 166 American Negroes: Garveyism spread by, 134–38; as models for black South Africans, 148–49; South African community of, 135–36, 150 (n. 20); South African government’s suspicions of, 149 (n. 8); use of term, 11, 130; Wellington as, 141–42, 143–44, 146. See also African Americans American Negro Labor Congress (1925), 161 index 304 Amis des Noirs, 63, 64 ANC. See African National Congress Ancient Order of Foresters (AOF), 112, 125 (n. 24) Ancient Shepherds, Loyal Order of, 111, 112 Anderson, Benedict, 233 Angola: Black Panther support for, 228; Marxism-Leninism in, 203; resistance suppressed in, 24 Anónimo Consejo (Anonymous Advice), 245 Anthony B (Keith Blair), 212 Anti-Cussing Club for Boys, 111 Antigua: Black Power movement of, 200 Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), 200, 213 (n. 19) AOF. See Ancient Order of Foresters Apartheid: hip hop and, 249–52; organizations opposed to, 148, 203. See also South Africa Aponte, José Antonio, 84 Asante, Molefi, 36 (n. 10) Ashe, Arthur, 149 (n. 8) Association of Democratic Jurists of Korea, 222 Atlantic Voice (periodical), 107–8 Australia: Black Panther support for aborigines of, 228; Black Power movement in, 27 Awoonor-Renner, Bankole, 172 Baden-Powell, Robert, 113–14, 121, 128 (n. 76) Bahamas: rebellion in (1787), 61 Bailie, A. A., 188 Bambaataa, Afrika, 253, 258 (n. 56) Banton, Buju, 212 Baptist churches, 54, 58, 96 Baraka, Amiri (Le Roi Jones), 234 Barbados: Christian mission in, 113; planter hegemony critiqued in, 117; riots in (1937), 127 (n. 61) Barbados Herald (newspaper), 117 Barnett, L. E., 117–18 Basutoland. See Lesotho Battersby, Jane, 253 Beal, Frances, 25 Beauvais, Louis-Jacques, 63 Belgium: civilizing mission of, 23. See also Congo, Democratic Republic of Benin, hip hop in, 249 Benton, Thomas Hart, 86 Bernal, Martin, 36 (n. 10) Besse, Christophe, 63 Besse, Martial, 63 Best, Lloyd, 198–99 Bestes, Peter, 52 Bible: in Garveyite meetings, 12–13, 137–38, 150 (n. 33); militant self-liberation based in, 53, 56–57, 60, 96–97; Rogers’s version of, 140; as tool of oppression, 56 Big Richard (Afro-Brazilian rapper), 238–39 Biko, Steve, 28, 32 Birth of a Nation (film), 98 Bishop, Maurice, 205...

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