index Accidents, 62, 73–74 Adams, Frederick H., 168 Addams, Jane, 135, 159 African Americans, 112–13, 116–17, 188 Age of consent laws, 160–61. See also Reformers Aguilar, Jose, 129 Americanization, 55–60, 66, 67, 110–11, 132–38, 173–74. See also Families: adaptation to American culture Americanization Day, 133–34 Amulets, 56–57, 67 Angel Island: construction of, 18–19; detention at, 19; medical exams at, 20– 21, 22, 23, 37; interrogations at, 21–22, 24–31, 33–35, 38; exempt-class immigrants at, 22–23, 25–31; and illegal immigration, 32–35; criticisms of, 35– 40. See also Immigration of Chinese children Anti-Chinese movement: criticism of Chinese family life, 2–3, 15–17, 41, 42– 45, 58, 74, 76, 114, 154–57, 176–81, 213; opposition to Chinese labor, 3, 15–17, 20–22, 41, 92–99, 108, 117; fear of disease , 3, 68–69, 93–94, 108, 110–11, 113– 16, 143–44, 176–81, 213; opposition to Chinese immigration, 15–17, 20–22, 33, 41; opposition to Chinese prostitutes, 16–17, 20–22, 44, 141–45, 161–62, 174; fear of miscegenation, 44–45, 154–57; use of violence by, 98–99, 128–29; demand for segregation of schools, 110–17, 138–39; criticism of Chinese crime, 162, 163–64, 166, 174–75, 176–81, 213. See also Stereotypes of Chinatown; Stereotypes of Chinese Americans Anti-Chinese Union of San Francisco, 98 Antimiscegenation laws, 44. See also Interracial families Armer, Laura Adams, 183 Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 223 Asian Women’s Resource Center, 227–28 Associated Charities, 72 Au Kai Yung, 30 Babies’ Aid Society, 73 Baby Hygiene Committee, 73 Baby shows, 185 Bachelor society, 1, 2–3, 15–17, 43–49, 76, 184–85. See also Families Baker, Frank C., 161 Bamford, Mary, 180–81 Baptism, 57 Baptist Mission School, 120, 124–25 Barbat, William, 156 Baskin, (Mary?), 135 Batchelder, Captain, 100 Behrendt, Richard, 188 Beng, Ah, 110–11 Bergholz, Leo, 31 Bertillon system, 20, 23, 36 Bilingual Education Act, 223 Bluebirds, 64, 216 Bokee, Marian, 123 286 : Index Boycott (1905), 35–36 Boys, Chinese: immigration of, 9–15, 18– 38 passim; and gender roles and responsibilities, 46, 56, 59, 75, 208–9; numbers of, 47–48; and mostly male households, 49, 54; labor of, 52, 54, 80– 85, 88–91; and recreation, 61–65; and the missions, 159, 179–81; juvenile delinquency of, 162–74, 179, 225–27; and conflicts with parents, 208–10; courting and marriage of, 209–11; discrimination in employment of, 211–12. See also Child labor, Chinese; Education ; Immigration of Chinese children Boys and Girls Aid Society, 173 Boy Scouts, 63–64, 207, 216 Brady, Edward, 153 Britton & Rey, 188, 190 Broadway Grammar School, 120 Bubonic Plague, 68 Cable, Emma, 72, 100–101, 121 California School for Girls, 168 California State Commission of Immigration and Housing (CSCIH), 133, 135. See also Americanization California State Department of Education , 126, 136 Cameron, Donaldina, 148, 150, 152, 158– 59, 161 Cameron House, 227–28 Canton Bank, 197 Chambers Chinese Mission, 155 Chan, Elsie, 210 Chan, Marie, 87 Chan Ah Ying, 150–51 Chan Chun Seen, 119 Chan Fung Chun, 11 Chan Hing, 38 Chea Ham, 18 Chen, Lilac (Wu Tien Fu), 11–12, 61, 145 Chen Ha Wau, 151–52 Cheu, Henry, 36 Chew, Caroline, 206–7 Chew, Ng Poon, 36, 55, 122, 205–6, 255 (n. 58) Chew Gim, 27–28 Childbirth, 56 Childhood, conceptions of, 43–47, 58–60, 101–2, 107, 108–9, 189. See also Families Child labor, Chinese: immigration of, 10–12, 22–24, 38, 108; as mui tsai, 11, 79–80, 85–86, 90, 101, 145–54; antiChinese objections to, 15–17, 22, 92– 99, 108; as domestic servants, 52–53, 79, 80, 82–88, 93, 100; in factories, 79– 80, 89–91, 93–94, 97, 98, 104–5; in laundries , 79–80, 88, 93, 94–95; demand for, 79–82; characteristics of, 79–82, 91–92; statistics, 79–83, 91–92; and piecework, 89–91, 104–5; decline of, 99, 100–107, 108–9, 220–21; debate over, 100–105; as prostitutes, 141–45; in modern Chinatown, 220–21. See also Labor; Workingmen’s Party Child-labor laws, 100, 103–4, 146. See also Missionaries; Reformers Children’s Bureau, 69, 104 Chinatown: number of children in, 2–3, 44, 46–48, 55; tourism in, 7, 176–85, 186–201, 212–14, 225–27; poverty in, 10–13, 67–69...