Notes . Du Bois, The Negro, –; J. E. Harris, Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora . . For a recent study of the demography of the slave trades in Africa, see Manning, Slavery and African Life. . For a good summary, see Daget, ‘‘Abolition of the Slave Trade.’’ . Hall, Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies, –, . . Sundiata, From Slaving to Neoslavery. For a good summary of African ‘‘contract ’’ laborers during the nineteenth century, see Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, –. . For the Berlin Conference of , see ‘‘Timeline of Slavery,’’ in Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, ed. Finkelman and Miller, :. . Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, especially –; Sundiata, Black Scandal. . Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery, . . Kitab tabakat al-uman, –. Unless otherwise indicated this and all subsequent translations from French, Spanish, and Portuguese are by the author. . Niane, ‘‘Relationships and Exchanges,’’ – (quote on –). For an enlightening discussion of the limitations of the available historical record of this trade, see Austen, ‘‘Trans-Saharan Slave Trade’’; and Niane, ‘‘Mali and the Second Mandingo Expansion,’’ –. For a discussion that ignores the early south Saharan thrust of the Almoravids and the impact of black African political and military leadership in Moorish Spain—a biased discussion of Almoravid rule relying heavily on Christian sources—see Fletcher, Moorish Spain, –. . Niane, ‘‘Relationships and Exchanges,’’ . . Costa e Silva, A manilha e o libambo, . . Sevilla a comienzos del siglo XII, para. , pp. –. . For their racist interpretations, see Hitte, History of the Arabs, –; and Dozy, Spanish Islam, , –. . I will always be grateful to Dra. Concepción Muedra, a Catalonian refugee Notes to Pages – from the Spanish Civil War living in Mexico, who introduced me to some of this fascinating literature when I studied with her in – at Mexico City College (now the University of the Americas). She was reported to be the first woman who received a Ph.D. in history in Spain. . Codera, Decadencia ydesaparición de los Almoravids en España, –; Hulal al Mawsiyya, Colección de crónicas árabes, . . Niane, ‘‘Relationships and Exchanges,’’ . . Shakundi, Elogio del Islam español, . . For the obscure and plagiaristic origins of credit for rhythmic notation in music scores in early Renaissance Europe, see Maitland, Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, :–. . Sandoval, Naturaleza, . . Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery; Wood, Origins of American Slavery, . . Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida; Hanger, Bounded Lives, Bounded Places. . For scholarship combating these myths, see Hall, Social Control in Slave Plantation Societies, –; Knight, Slave Society in Cuba during the Nineteenth Century; Rout, The African Experience in Spanish America; Helg, Our Rightful Share. . Manning, Slavery and African Life. . Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in America, . For a more nuanced discussion , which contradicts his own conclusion, see ibid., table I- (p. ) and pp. –, where he includes the British born in America in his total of , English immigrants . . For a stimulating discussion of state power and enslavement comparing Europe and Africa, see Inikori, ‘‘The Struggle against the Slave Trade.’’ . Eltis, ‘‘Europeans and the Rise and Fall of African Slavery in America’’; Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in America, –, – (quote on ). . Davis, ‘‘Looking at Slavery from Broader Perspectives.’’ . Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana, , , . . Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World; Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in America. . Harms, River of Wealth, River of Sorrow, –. . For medieval times, see Gomez, ‘‘Medieval Western Sudan.’’ . Moore, Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa. . Law, Ouidah, . . Northrup, ‘‘A Collection of Interviews Conducted in Southeastern Nigeria in –.’’ . Cited in Vansina, Kingdoms of the Savanna, –. . Thornton, ‘‘African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade.’’ . Boahen, ‘‘The States and Cultures of the Lower Guinea Coast,’’ . . Barry, ‘‘Senegambia from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.’’ [3.239.149.56] Project MUSE (2024-03-29 14:40 GMT) Notes to Pages – . Thornton, Warfare in Atlantic Africa, , . . M. A. Klein, ‘‘Senegambia.’’ . For a vivid description of the first Portuguese raid for slaves in Senegambia by the chronicler Gomez Eannes de Azurara, see Conrad, Children of Gold’s Fire, –. . Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery. . Akinjogbin, Dahomey and Its Neighbours, , . . Law, Ouidah, . Akinjogbin, Dahomey and Its Neighbours, –, argues that Dahomey wanted to bring the Atlantic slave trade to an end. In The Slave Coast of West Africa, –, Law contends that Dahomey was interested in protecting her own people but not other peoples from the Atlantic slave trade. . For the Dahomean conquest of the coast, see Akinjogbin, Dahomey and Its Neighbours, –; Law, The Slave Coast of West Africa, –. . Lovejoy, ‘‘Ethnic Designations of the Slave Trade,’’ , citing Oliveira. . See the detailed discussion in chapter . . For the importance of rum...