Christmas in Germany: A Cultural History

Index

373 Ach, du fröhliche (film), 265–66 Adenauer, Konrad, 8, 239, 241, 246–47, 248, 271, 272 Advent Sundays, 14, 220, 224, 246; Nazi replacements for, 195, 215, 217, 218; Protestant 1946 instructions for, 244; as special shopping days, 141, 166, 171, 276–77 Advertising. See Marketing and advertising Ahlsmann, H., 139, 140, 141 Akrona Platz (Berlin), 163 Albert, prince consort of Britain, 30 Allensbach Institute, 280 Alsace, 30 Anacker, Heinrich: “SA Christmas 1930,” 186 Andersch, Alfred, 273 Andersen, Hans Christian: “The Little Match Seller,” 52, 237 Anti-Semitism, 55, 59, 69; Christian clergy and, 219, 225; department stores and, 143, 165–66, 170, 185, 192; Nazi Christmas propaganda and, 185, 192, 210, 211–12, 213; as Nazi policy, 135, 224; Nazi racial beliefs and, 201 Arianism, 55 Arnim, Achim von, 23 Arnstein, Fanny von, 68 Aryanization. See Racial ideology Astika-Zirkel (occult group), 191 Atheism, 155, 259 Atlas Cruises and Tours, 156–57 Atlas of German Ethnography, 36 Auschwitz, 287 Aushilfskräfte (temporary department store workers), 169 Austria, 36, 39, 68, 76 Avant-garde, 181 Bach, Johann Sebastian: Christmas Oratorio, 62, 178, 261 Barthes, Roland: Mythologies, 136, 137 Batteaux, Hans, 218 Bauer, Michael, 131 Bauer, Wilhelm, 216–17, 218, 221; Feierstunden Deutscher Christen, 217, 221; “Forest Prayer for Spring Morning,” 218 Baumann, Hans, 200, 201–3, 221; “Glorious Night of Shining Stars,” 202, 213 Bäumer, Gertrud, 133–34 Bausinger, Hermann, 7, 146 Bavaria, 249 Bavarian Grand Corps, 114 Index Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations 374 Bibliography Beast-men (mythical), 34, 36 Bell ringing. See Ringing church bells Benedict XV (pope), 106 Bergen, Doris, 216, 217 Bergerson, Andrew, 185 Berlin, 18, 30, 33, 43, 170; beer boycott (1894) in, 83; Christmas attractions in, 162–63; Christmas Eve chain of light (1992) in, 288; Christmas Eve radio broadcast in, 176–77; Christmas markets in, 156, 156, 157–64, 157; Christmas shopping in, 138, 139–40, 150–51, 165–72, 266, 268; Christmas stroll in, 151–52, 166; Cold War division of, 245–47; Jewish Christmas observance in, 71; Memory Book on Christmas (1945–1989), 288; Nazi violence and, 186–87; “Red Christmas ” (1918) and, 172; salon culture of, 23; sumptuary laws and, 91; “Weihnachtsmann Campaign” (1996) in, 283; working class and, 82–83, 86–87, 92; World War I and, 133–34. See also East Berlin; West Berlin Berlin Christ Market in Breite Strasse, 1796 (Schubert and Halle print), 156, 157–58, 160 Berlin Wall, 243, 247, 265, 266, 271, 280 Bernig, Jörg, 255 Bernstein, Eduard, 69–70 Bertlein, Hermann, 203 Bible, 13, 16–17, 47; Nazi de-Judaization of, 216, 217, 221 Biebl, Franz, 221 Biedermeier period, 17, 23 Biess, Frank, 249 Bildungsbürgertum, 13, 14, 15, 22–23; books and, 18–24, 40, 41, 42; Christmas tree and, 32, 33, 34; department stores and, 168; emotional coldness and, 25; Hausmusik and, 39–40; refined values of, 64; women live-in domestic servants and, 86–87 Binding, Rudolf, 116–17, 123–24, 129 Birth of Jesus, 1, 21–22, 172, 241, 286; accepted date for, 36; carols and, 39; Catholic vs. Protestant view of, 59–60; Christmas books and, 42; Christmas tree and, 32; commercialization as trivialization of, 273, 274, 278, 279, 285; East Germany and, 260, 263; Luther Bible and, 17; Nazi Germanization of, 191, 203, 217, 218, 224; Schleiermacher novella and, 19; War Christmas evocation of, 96, 109. See also Nativity scene Bismarck, Otto von, 8, 62, 77 Blackbourn, David, 8 Blood-and-soil tradition, 184, 188, 191, 192, 193, 202; Nazi Christmas and, 194, 197, 201, 203–5, 213, 218 Blüthgen, Victor: The Christmas Book, 45, 45, 48; “Widow Schippang,” 52 Bodelschwingh, Friedrich von, 15–16 Böhm, Martin: Christmas under Kaiser Wilhelm II, 102–3 Böll, Heinrich, 273 Bolshevism, 222, 223 Bon Marché (Paris department store), 165 Bonus, Christmas, 85–86, 87, 141, 151, 169, 173; East Germany and, 278 Book of Fairy Tales for Proletarian Children, The (book), 80 Books. See Literature, Christmas Bormann, Martin, 234 Born, Max, 70 “Born in Bethlehem” (carol), 47 Bourgeois culture. See Bildungsbürgertum ; Middle-class values Brace, Charles Loring, 3; Home-Life in Germany, 30–31 Bibliography 375 Bräuer, Heinz, 262–65 Braun, Alfred, 176–77 Brecht, Bertolt, 181 Breitestrasse (Berlin), 161–63 Breuer, Judith and Rita: Von Wegen Heilige Nacht! (catalog), 288 Britain: Christmas tree and, 30, 56; as German Christmas-card market, 146; World War I “Christmas truce...