Notes
notes Abbreviations Duke Manuscript Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C. GLC Gilder Lehrman Collection, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, N.Y. HNOC Historic New Orleans Collection, New Orleans, La. LOC Library of Congress LSU Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge, La. OR War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 128 vols. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901) SHC Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina Library, Chapel Hill, N.C. Tulane Manuscript Department, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. UVA Manuscript Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. VHS Virginia Historical Society, Richmond, Va. Introduction 1. Alon Confino, The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997); Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). 2. In his 1995 article ‘‘An Exception to Most of the Rules: What Made American Nationalism Different in the Mid-Nineteenth Century?’’ Peter Parish blames the relative dearth of scholarship on American nationalism on the Eurocentric bent of most scholars of nationalism. Too, most of their theories were derived with reference to European and postcolonial states, generating models into which the United States fits awkwardly if at all. Ironically, while providing a good overview of the emergence of America as a nation state, Parish all but ignores the South and the Confederate States of America. The piece appeared in Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives 27 (Fall 1995): 219–29. Two recent works on American nationalism in the Civil War era are Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), and Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002). 3. Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundation of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 4–5; Richard Handler, Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), 6–7. 4. While historians, most notably John McCardell in The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1979), have argued that Southern nationalism had its ideological roots in the nullification crisis of the 1830s, I contend that there was no Southern nationalism without an actual nation—the Confederacy. Prior to secession, the vast majority of Southerners, including many who went on to positions of great prominence in the Confederacy, were better characterized as sectionalists, believers in differences between the North and the South but not willing to act on those differences. For two classic works on antebellum Southern sectionalism, see Charles S. Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819–1848, History of the South, vol. 5 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), and Avery O. Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861, History of the South, vol. 6 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1953). 5. The notion of an imagined nation or community comes from the work of Benedict Anderson, who argues that all nations are fundamentally imagined because they are too physically large for each member to actually know all the other members. See his Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (New York: Verso, 1991), 6–7. 6. On the connections between culture and nationalism, see Handler, Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec, 36–39, 50–51; and Eric Hobsbawm’s introduction to Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 9, 13; on the specific importance of print culture, see Anderson, Imagined Communities, 25, 35, 61–64. 7. David Morris Potter, The South and the Sectional Conflict (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968). 8. A cursory glance at the titles of several books and articles bears out this view. A few examples are Paul D. Escott’s After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978) and his similarly titled essay ‘‘The Failure of Confederate Nationalism: The Old South’s Class System in the Crucible of War,’’ in Harry P. Owens and James J. Cooke, eds. The Old South in the Crucible of War (Jackson: University Press of...
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