Conceiving the Future: Pronatalism, Reproduction, and the Family in the United States, 1890-1938

Notes

NOTES abbreviations AES Papers American Eugenics Society Papers, American Philosophical Society Archives, Philadelphia, Pa. Children’s Bureau Papers U.S. Children’s Bureau Papers, National Archives II, College Park, Md. Davenport Papers Charles Davenport Papers, American Philosophical Society Archives, Philadelphia, Pa. Huntington Papers Ellsworth Huntington Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn. Lindley Papers E. H. Lindley Papers, University Archives, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kans. Maxwell Papers George H. Maxwell Papers, Arizona State Archives, Phoenix, Ariz. Ross Papers Edward A. Ross Papers (microfilm), State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. chapter one 1. Blake, ‘‘Coercive Pronatalism.’’ 2. Camiscioli, ‘‘Producing Citizens’’; King, ‘‘ ‘France Needs Children,’ ’’ ‘‘From Pronatalism to Social Welfare?’’ and ‘‘Demographic Trends’’; Klaus, Every Child a Lion; Koonz, Mothers in the Fatherland. 3. See Klaus, Every Child a Lion, for an important comparative study of the United States and France. 4. Heitlinger, Women’s Equality, 129. 5. Ibid., 121. 174 Notes to Pages 4–10 6. Dorr quoted in Mink, ‘‘The Lady and the Tramp.’’ 7. Berg, Mothering the Race; Delegard, ‘‘Women’s Movements’’; Mink, ‘‘The Lady and the Tramp.’’ 8. Dorr quoted in Mink, ‘‘The Lady and the Tramp.’’ 9. See also Newman, White Women’s Rights. 10. Abramovitz, Regulating the Lives of Women; Gordon, ‘‘Putting Children First’’; Gordon and Skocpol, ‘‘Gender, State, and Society’’; Koven and Michel, Mothers of a New World; Ladd-Taylor, Mother-Work; Muncy, Creating a Female Dominion ; Skocpol, Protecting Mothers and Soldiers. no11. Gordon, Pitied But Not Entitled, 55. 12. Misra and Akins, ‘‘The Welfare State and Women,’’ 264. 13. Abramovitz, Regulating the Lives of Women, 111. 14. Boris and Bardaglio, ‘‘The Transformation of Patriarchy,’’ 80–81, 85. 15. Heitlinger, Women’s Equality, 127. 16. Weiner, ‘‘Maternalism as a Paradigm,’’ 97. 17. Mintz and Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions, 108–9. 18. The various approaches to whiteness and race during the time period will be a theme developed in later portions of this book. See Gossett, Race. 19. Danbom, The Resisted Revolution. 20. Thomas Je√erson to George Washington, March 15, 1784, in Boyd, The Papers of Thomas Je√erson, 7: 25. See Bradley, ‘‘Cultivating the Terrain,’’ 43; Montmarquet, The Idea of Agrarianism. 21. Kuhl, The Nazi Connection. 22. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics; Paul, Controlling Human Heredity. 23. Cooke, ‘‘Duty or Dream?’’; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics; Kline, Building a Better Race; Paul, Controlling Human Heredity; Pernick, The Black Stork. 24. Heitlinger, Women’s Equality, 1. 25. Kline, Building a Better Race, 4. 26. Ibid., 96. 27. Ibid., 123, 189 n. 125. 28. Popenoe, The Conservation of the Family. 29. Put a slightly di√erent way, modernism was embodied in the realization of and reaction to the ‘‘modern predicament’’; namely, the realization that ‘‘knowledge of the external world is not easy to come by, that contradictions persist in human experience, that a real price was paid for the benefits of bureaucratic rationality, that a large measure of uncertainty was an enduring Notes to Pages 10–18 175 condition of life, that human beings had a propensity to act irrationally, that it was di≈cult to find an unchanging standard for moral judgments, that God might be dead, and that many sensitive individuals felt alienated from industrial society.’’ Hollinger, ‘‘The Knower and the Artificer,’’ 38. 30. Singal, ‘‘Toward a Definition,’’ 12. 31. Ross, ‘‘Modernist Social Science in the Land of the New/Old,’’ 188–89. 32. Berman, All That Is Solid, 1–36; Ross, ‘‘Modernism Reconsidered’’; Singal, ‘‘Toward a Definition.’’ 33. Lawrence Levine argues that nostalgia was a major historical force in early twentieth century culture. Levine, The Unpredictable Past. 34. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 295. 35. On tradition, see Cotkin, Reluctant Modernism; Levine, The Unpredictable Past. On antimodernism, see Lears, No Place of Grace. 36. Burns, Pastoral Inventions; Crunden, Ministers of Reform; Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory. 37. Slotkin, ‘‘Nostalgia and Progress.’’ 38. Levine, The Unpredictable Past. 39. Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 295. 40. Coontz, The Way We Never Were; Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 295; Levine, The Unpredictable Past, 189–205. 41. For a history of ideas of agrarianism see Montmarquet, The Idea of Agrarianism. 42. Stephanie Coontz astutely recognizes that western settlement and later suburban development deploy an image of the self-reliant family. Rather than focus on issues of individualism, I address how this celebration of the family was used to promote reproduction of certain types of...