Note: References to Virginia emigrants to Liberia—their ages, occupations, skills, level of literacy, family members, place of origin, ships on which they traveled, and time of arrival in Liberia—are taken from a database titled Virginia Emigrants to Liberia (VEL), compiled by Marie Tyler-McGraw and Deborah Lee. The project was funded by a grant from the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities with the support of the Afro-American Historical Society of Fauquier County. The database was compiled primarily from the ACS journal, the African Repository and Colonial Journal, 1825–92; emigrant rolls in the Records of the American Colonization Society (RACS), Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; and U.S. Senate, Roll of Emigrants That Have Been Sent to the Colony of Liberia, 28th Cong., 2nd sess., 1844, S.Rep. 150, 152–414. I also used emigrant lists compiled by Tom W. Shick, “Emigrants to Liberia, 1820–1843: An Alphabetical Listing” (Liberian Studies Working Paper Number 2, Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, Newark, for Liberian Studies Association, 1971); and Robert T. Brown, Immigrants to Liberia, 1843–1865: An Alphabetical Listing (Philadelphia: Institute for Liberian Studies, 1980). This database will be at the center of a website provided by the Virginia Center for Digital History and funded by a further grant from the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. Abbreviations ACS American Colonization Society AR African Repository and Colonial Journal JNH Journal of Negro History JSH Journal of Southern History LC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. LSJ Liberian Studies Journal LVA Library of Virginia, Richmond RACS Records of the American Colonization Society, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. RMCS Records of the Maryland Colonization Society, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore SHC Svend Holsoe Collection, Archive of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington UVA University of Virginia, Charlottesville VCS Virginia Colonization Society VEL Virginia Emigrants to Liberia database VHS Virginia Historical Society, Richmond VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Notes Introduction 1. Recent studies that explore this aspect of African colonization include Eric Burin, Slavery and the Peculiar Solution (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005). Burin investigated the long national history of the ACS and concludes that it tended to undermine slavery. Other studies have focused on emigration from Maryland, Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina, using those regions to ask larger questions about the intentions and realities of African colonization. See Robert Hall, On Afric’s Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834–1857 (Baltimore : Maryland Historical Society, 2003); Alan Huffman, Mississippi in Africa (New York: Gotham Books, 2004); Kenneth C. Barnes, Journey of Hope: The Back-to-Africa Movement in Arkansas in the Late 1800s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); and Claude A. Clegg, The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004). 2. “Memorial of the ACS to the Senate and House of Representatives,” reel 304, RACS. The final draft is printed in National Intelligencer, January 18, 1817; and in Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 2nd sess., January 14, 1817, 481–83. 3. For early emancipation plans among black and white Americans, see Mary S. Locke, The Neglected Period of American Antislavery, 1619–1808, 1901 (reprint, Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1965); Floyd Miller, The Search for a Black Nationality: Black Emigration and Colonization, 1787–1863 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975); and Gary B. Nash, Race and Revolution (Madison, Wis.: Madison House, 1990). 4. For the history of American construction of race, cornerstone texts remain Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812, 1968 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977); David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1966 (rev. ed., Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1988); David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1984); Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975); and George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817–1914 (New York: Harper and Row, 1972). Very useful is Robert Forbes, “Slavery and the Evangelical Enlightenment,” in Religion and the Antebellum Debate over Slavery, ed. John R. McKivigan and Mitchell Snay (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998). See also Bruce Dain, A Hideous Monster of the Mind: American Race Theory in the Early Republic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002); and David Brion Davis, “The Culmination of Racial Polarities and Prejudice,” Journal of the Early Republic 19, no. 4...