Governing Spirits: Religion, Miracles, and Spectacles in Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1898-1956

Notes

Abbreviations AGPR Archivo General de Puerto Rico, San Juan AH Audiencia de la Habana AHD Archivo Histórico Diocesano, San Juan ANC Archivo Nacional de Cuba, Havana APS Archivo Provincial de Santiago de Cuba AS Audiencia de Santiago de Cuba Fondo GP Fondo Gobierno Provincial leg. Legajo USNA National Archives, Washington, DC Introduction 1. El Vocero, 3 March 1906; 9 April 1975; Claridad, 1 April 1975; 2 April 1975. 2. San Juan Star, 19 November 1906; San Juan Star (Venue), 27 November 1995. 3. El Vocero, 25, 26, and 30 October 1995. 4. El Vocero, 2 November 1995. 5. San Juan Star, 6 May 1996; Corrales, Chupacabras and Other Mysteries; J. Martín, La conspiración Chupacabras. 6. Comaroff and Comaroff, “Occult Economies and the Violence of Abstraction,” 281. 7. Robin Derby has linked the spread of chupacabras attacks in Latin America’s “gray zones” to a shared history of imperial domination and capitalist penetration. She argues that the chupacabras preyed on Puerto Rico and northern Mexico because colonialism and globalization blurred boundaries in those locales, fostering the sense that the body politic was vulnerable. See Derby, “Vampiros del Imperio,” 317–45. 8. See, among others, Cooper, Holt, and Scott, Beyond Slavery. 9. Bermúdez, “Notas para la historia del espiritismo en Cuba,” 5–22; Koss, “Religion and Science Divinely Related,” 22–43. 10. Ferrer, Insurgent Cuba, chap. 7. 11. De la Fuente, A Nation for All, 50.  215  12. Pérez, Cuba between Empires, 279. 13. Trías Monge, Puerto Rico, 43, 69; Santiago-Valles, “Subject People” and Colonial Discourses, 64–65. 14. Helg, Our Rightful Share, chap. 3; Helg, “Black Men, Racial Stereotyping, and Violence ,” 576–604. 15. Bronfman, Measures of Equality, 42. 16. Ibid., 45–46; Palmié, Wizards and Scientists, chap. 3. 17. Bronfman, Measures of Equality, 34. 18. David Brown, The Light Inside, 134. 19. Santaella Rivera, Historia de los Hermanos Cheos, 61. 20. Silva Gotay has rejected the view that the Cheos espoused anti-American or proindependence sentiments, but he notes the dearth of information regarding Cheo politics. See Silva Gotay, Catolicismo y política en Puerto Rico, 455–57. 21. Pedro Puras to Bishop William A. Jones, 6 September 1911, AHD, Sección Gobierno, Serie Correspondencia, Sub-serie San Lorenzo, Obispo, caja G27, leg. s/n 1820–1928. 22. The translation of the Cuban text is Bronfman’s; see Measures of Equality, 3; Office of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Documents on the Constitutional History of Puerto Rico. 23. Howard, Changing History, chap. 7. 24. Yáñez Vda. de Otero, El espiritismo en Puerto Rico; Rodríguez Escudero, Historia del espiritismo en Puerto Rico. Note that Puerto Rico’s judicial archives have not been explored systematically. 25. Picó, “Religiosidad institucional y religiosidad popular,” 36–37. 26. For the history of the anti-witchcraft campaigns, see Roche Monteagudo, La policía y sus misterios en Cuba; Chávez Alvarez, El crimen de la niña Cecilia; Helg, Our Rightful Share; Palmié, Wizards and Scientists; and Bronfman, Measures of Equality. 27. Gaceta de la Habana, 4 December 1900. 28. J. Scott, Seeing Like a State. 29. José Varela to Military Governor, 27 January 1902, USNA, RG 140, Military Government of Cuba, Letters Received 1902, Entry 3, Box 235, File 309 (1902). 30. Report of the Havana Detectives Bureau, 21 December 1900, USNA, RG 140, Military Government of Cuba, Letters Received, Entry 3, Box 105, File 4163 (1900). 31. See Chapter 1 and V. Turner, Drums of Affliction. 32. ANC, AS, leg. 13, no. 1, causa 466/1902. 33. Carteles, 15 July 1956; Bohemia, 10 June 1956. 34. De la Fuente, A Nation for All, 161–63. 35. El Mundo, 11, 25, 26 May 1953. 36. ANC, Registro de Asociaciones, leg. 1090, Exp. 22859; Márquez Sterling, “Nuestra Asociación de la Prensa,” El Fígaro, 17 April 1904; “El periodismo,” El Fígaro, 24 April 1904; “¡Pobrecita Zoila!,” El Fígaro, 4 December 1904. notes to pages 6–18  216  37. Fields, “Political Contingencies of Witchcraft in Colonial Central Africa,” 578. 38. ANC, AH, leg. 471, no. 3. 39. See, among others, R. Moore, Nationalizing Blackness; Hagedorn, Divine Utterances ; Ayorinde, Afro-Cuban Religiosity, Revolution, and National Identity; and Dávila, Sponsored Identities. 40. Fernando Picó, “On Sensationalism,” San Juan Star, 11 April 1975, 21. 41. Chávez Alvarez, El crimen de la niña Cecilia, 33, 37; López, La radio en Cuba; Pino...