Beyond the Alamo: Forging Mexican Ethnicity in San Antonio, 1821-1861

CONTENTS

Contents acknowledgments xi introduction Forging Identity in the Borderlands: Situating San Antonio de Béxar 1 Prologue Life in a Norteño Town 15 Part i. three worlds in 1821 1. Making Mexico: Insurgency and Social Order in Béxar 27 2. Indigenous Identities: Locating “lo Indio” in the Tejano World 53 3. American Immigrants: Colonization and Tejano Identity 81 Part ii. Becoming tejano 4. Disrupting the Balance: Colonization Troubles, 1828–1834 111 5. La Pérdida de Tejas: Tejanos and the War of Texas Secession, 1834–1837 133 6. Tejanos as a Suspect Class: The End of Secession, 1837–1848 167 7. Voting and Violence: Tejanos and Ethnic Politics, 1848–1861 205 conclusion Challenging Identities: Transnational Becomes Local 231 notes 239 index 281 Illustrations, Tables, Figures, and Map illustrations San Antonio River with Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo in the distance, ca. 1869 17 San Pedro Springs in San Antonio, 1869 20 The Spanish Governor’s Palace door after restoration, 1930 30 The Veramendi Palace, ca. 1870 45 Children standing in front of a typical jacal in San Antonio, 1889 46 Portrait of Francisco Ruiz 54 Watercolor of a Comanche family by Lino Sánchez y Tapía, 1828 61 Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña after secularization, 1868 68 Watercolor of Comanche warriors by Lino Sánchez y Tapía, 1828 74 “Map of Texas with the Contiguous American and Mexican States, 1835” 87 Map of Mexican battle plan by Ygnacio Labastida, 1836 159 “General Austin’s Map of Texas with Parts of Adjoining States, 1840” 171 Portrait of Juan N. Seguín from the Texas Republic period by Thomas Jefferson Wright 175 José Antonio Navarro 213 Juan N. Seguín after his return to Texas from Mexico 218 Oxcarts on Commerce Street, 1882 223 taBles 2.1 Census of Béxar, January 1, 1820 65 2.2 Indian Gifts Presented in Béxar, 1807 77 5.1 Tejano Participation in the War of Secession 150 6.1 Tejano City Officials Serving More Than One Term, 1837–1873 193 figures 2.1 Concentric Circles of Indigenous Identification 57 6.1 Jury Service by Ethnicity, 1838–1858 194 maP Texas, 1820–1836 16 This page intentionally left blank ...