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387 Acuff, Roy, 112 Adkins, Bill, 246, 285 Advertising Council, 116, 323 (n. 9) Africa, 135, 231–32, 250 African American middle class, 7, 18, 32, 208, 280. See also Businesses African American police, 87, 88, 97, 105–11, 110, 139 African American political candidates, 139, 206, 216–17, 221, 255–56 African American population statistics, 201–2 African American women: and freedom, 13, 14, 252–53, 261, 282–83, 287; decision to migrate by, 24; on farm labor, 24, 46, 260; and New Deal, 25; and segregation of public transportation, 33; equal participation for, 35; patriotism of, 59; and mammy image, 64, 79, 183, 210; sexual harassment of, by employers, 65–67, 79–80, 261; arrests of, 83, 88, 105, 106, 183; police violence against, 90–91, 104– 5, 106; and public transportation, 93, 317 (n. 29), 326 (n. 34); antivice campaigns targeting, 94–95; and venereal disease, 94–95, 100, 101, 110, 315 (n. 4); trial of white police as rapists of, 99–102, 110, 111; and domestic abuse, 107, 108; and radio, 163–64, 169–73, 171; and civic clubs, 201, 206; EEOC complaints by, 264; at RCA, 266–67; and welfare rights, 271–75, 282; and sanitation workers strike, 281, 282–83. See also Defense industry; Domestic servants; Gender; Labor unions; Laundry workers; Manufacturing; Sexual assault/abuse; Sexuality stereotypes Agency, 11, 80, 228, 249, 250, 291, 293 Agriculture. See Cotton industry; Sharecropping; Urban-rural relation Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 22, 23, 299 (n. 13) Ahlgren, Frank, 220 Alabama: police violence in, 86; and black men as protectors and authorities, 107; and Freedom Train, 114, 123, 128–29; Montgomery bus boycott in, 128, 205; movies and movie theaters in, 144; defense industry in, 153; radio in, 170; civil rights movement in, 254, 265; black policemen in, 315 (n. 10); and Scottsboro boys case, 319 (n. 57); NAACP in, 348 (n. 47) Alcorn, Rev. Dewitt T., 140 Aldrich, Winthrop, 118 Alexander, Will, 41 Alston, Charles, 64 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, 62 American Civil Liberties Union, 31, 41 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 25, 28, 40, 51, 74, 75, 78, 124 American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), 276, 279, 281, 289 Index Page numbers in italics refer to maps and photographs. Index 388 American Heritage Foundation (AHF), 14, 112–18, 120–22, 125, 126, 128– 29, 140–41. See also Freedom Train Americans for Democratic Action, 123 American Social Hygiene Association, 94 American Veterans Committee (AVC), 123, 125, 134 Anderson, Benedict, 335 (n. 61) Anderson, Eddie, 152, 154, 155, 157 Anderson, Marion, 171 Anderson, Queen C., 175 Anderson, Will, 71 Angelou, Maya, 332 (n. 20) Annie Get Your Gun (musical), 161–62 Anticommunism: against labor unions, 26, 30, 40, 184–89, 297 (n. 18); and House Special Committee on UnAmerican Activities, 40; and police harassment, 40; and Freedom Train, 112–17, 123, 140–41; and criticism of American Heritage Foundation, 121–22; and Federal Union, 134; of Crump, 137; of Eastland, 184, 185, 186, 188–89, 211; against NAACP, 184, 189–90; and House Un-American Activities Committee, 185; and Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 185, 188–89; and threat of Citizens’ Councils, 194–95; and combating racism, 203–4; of Joseph Boyle, 304 (n. 67). See also Cold War Antipoverty program. See Memphis Area Project–South; Volunteers in Service to America; War on Poverty; Welfare rights Anti-Semitism, 36, 122 Appadurai, Arjun, 296 (n. 3) Arkansas: cotton production in, 26; labor conflicts in, 62; police violence in, 90; and black policemen, 109; and Freedom Train, 121, 122, 125, 130; and movie censorship, 160; radio in, 166, 178; school desegregation in, 190, 214; Citizens’ Council in, 198; education in, 198; racial violence in, 220, 265; NAACP in, 302 (n. 51); migrants from, and defense industry, 307 (n. 8) Armour, Claude, 203, 223, 234 Armstrong, Louis, 145, 152, 155 Association of Colored Railway Trainmen, 35 Atkinson, Elmer, 38–39, 43, 44, 45–46 Atlanta, Ga. See Georgia Austin, Grace, 239 Auto show, 225 Axton, Estelle, 244 Bailey, Holmes (Daddy-O Daylie), 166 Baker, Ella, 102–3 Balaban, Barney, 116 Ball, Ernest, 207 Banned films. See Censorship; and specific movies Barnett, Ross, 255 Barry, Marion, 233 Baseball, 38–39 Bass, George, 40 Bates, Evelyn, 52, 93, 200 The Beacon, 113, 131, 132, 133, 142, 144, 163 Beale Street: music and dancing on, 7–8, 21, 144–45, 173; Lt. Lee on, 20–21; movie theaters on, 21, 147; police “clean-up” of Beale Street establishments, 38...

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