Blue and Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations

Notes

325 Notes Abbreviations Add. Mss., Brit. Lib. Additional Manuscripts, British Library, London AR Duke of Argyll BFSP Great Britain, Foreign Office, British and Foreign State Papers Bodleian Lib. Bodleian Library, Oxford University, Oxford BPP Great Britain, British Parliamentary Papers CFA Charles Francis Adams CFA Diary, Letterbook Adams Family Papers, Historical Society, Boston CFA Jr. Charles Francis Adams Jr. CG Congressional Globe CL Fourth Earl of Clarendon CWL Roy P. Basler, ed., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln Dip. Instructions, France (NA) U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Instructions to U.S. Ministers to France (National Archives), Washington, D.C. Dip. Instructions, Russia (NA) U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Instructions to U.S. Ministers to Russia, 1801–1906 (National Archives), Washington, D.C. Disp. Diplomatic Dispatches Disp., France (NA) U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Dispatches from U.S. Ministers to France (National Archives), Washington, D.C. Disp., GB (NA) U.S. Department of State, Diplomatic Dispatches from U.S. Ministers to Great Britain (National Archives), Washington, D.C. DS Department of State, United States FO Foreign Office, Great Britain FRUS U.S. Department of State, Papers Relating to Foreign Affairs 326 Notes to Pages 1–6 GB Great Britain GC General Correspondence JD Jefferson Davis LC Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. MHS Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston NA National Archives, Washington, D.C. NFBL, GB (NA) U.S. Department of State, Notes from the British Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1791–1906 (National Archives), Washington, D.C. NFFL, France (NA) U.S. Department of State, Notes from the French Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1789–1906 (National Archives), Washington, D.C. NTFL, France (NA) U.S. Department of State, Notes to Foreign Legations in the United States, from the Department of State, 1834–1906, France (National Archives), Washington, D.C. NTFL, GB (NA) U.S. Department of State, Notes to Foreign Legations in the United States, from the Department of State, 1834–1906, Great Britain (National Archives), Washington, D.C. ORN U.S. Department of the Navy, Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion Parl. Debates Thomas C. Hansard, ed., Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates PM/J Prime Minister/Journal PRO Public Record Office, Kew, England RU Lord John Russell Prologue 1. For the horrors and high casualties of trench warfare, see Hess, Trench Warfare, 91–98, 193–202, 208–12. Glatthaar examines the impact of atrocities and the rising number of deaths on the soldiers’ growing turn to religion in his study, General Lee’s Army, 57, 144, 163, 174, 330–32, 371, 380–81. 2. Sexton, Debtor Diplomacy, 1, 3–6, 12, 15, 17, 19; Potter, “Atlantic Economy.” A recent study by Myers (Caution and Cooperation) highlights the Anglo-American ties that had developed before the Civil War, but then contains the questionable argument that this rapprochement overrode the importance of the recognition issue and virtually eliminated the chance of British intervention. 3. Schantz, Awaiting the Heavenly Country, 2, 10; Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg, 76, chap. 2. For the war’s atrocities, see Faust, This Republic of Suffering. 4. Vattel, Law of Nations, bk. 2, chap. 1, secs. 114–15, chap. 12, secs. 196–97; bk. 3, chap. 3, sec. 249, chap. 7, secs. 269–70, chap. 18, sec. 340. 5. Coletta, “Recognition Policy,” 889–90. 6. Adams cited ibid., 888–89. Notes to Pages 6–14 327 7. For a useful examination of the legal issues relating to diplomatic recognition, see Lauterpacht, Recognition in International Law. 8. For some of the important works used in writing this book, see the “Historiographical Note” following this section. Full citations for all works consulted are in the Bibliography. Chapter 1 1. JD Inaugural Address, Feb. 18, 1861, in Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Confederacy , 1:183, 188. For the Confederate argument, see McPherson, What They Fought For, 10–11, 13, 27, 30. 2. Lincoln’s original manuscript, [July?] 1861, CWL, 4:434 n. 83; Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address, Mar. 4, 1861, CWL, 4:264–65, 268. 3. For Davis’s legal approach to the war, see Eaton, Davis, chap. 17. For the Confederacy ’s belief that foreign recognition would come because of its righteous cause, see E. M. Thomas, Confederate Nation, 169. 4. Jenkins, Britain, 1:1–2; Blackett, Divided Hearts, 26, 54, 56, 87–88; D. A. Campbell, English...