Creek Paths and Federal Roads: Indians, Settlers, and Slaves and the Making of the American South

Index

243 Index Abihka province, 3–4 Abihkas, people known as, 5 Abraham, Francis, 75 Adair, James, 5, 13–14 Adams, John Quincy, 154, 161, 218 (n. 23), 219 (n. 36) African-descended peoples, 1–2, 5, 8–9, 196 (n. 30); conceptions of space, 2; as interpreters, 24, 41; as travelers, 24, 41, 73, 133. See also Slavery; Slaves Alabama, State of, 2–3, 17, 80, 123, 163; travel into, 138, 147–48; presses for Creek land cessions, 143, 165; and internal improvement, 145, 147, 151–53; boundary with Georgia, 154–57; and cotton cultivation, 160; and states’ rights, 161; treatment of Creeks, 169–71 Alabama fever, 122 Alabama language, 4, 175 (n. 18) Alabama province, 3–5; and Creek War (1813–14), 99, 108 Alabama River, 3–4, 76, 97, 111, 149; as location of disputed lands, 19; travel along, 81, 83–84, 114, 151 Alabamas, people known as, 5, 199 (n. 93) Alabama Territory, 124–26, 129–30 Altamaha River, 123 Apalachee, chiefdom, 4 Apalachee River, 76, 136 Apalachicola province, 4, 12, 16 Apalachicola River, 135 Apalachicolas, people known as, 12, 16 Appalachian Mountains, 17, 147, 171, 178 (n. 17) Armstrong, John, 101, 104, 110 Articles of Confederation, 30–31, 185 (n. 104) Asbury Mission, 148, 163. See also Missionaries Athens, Ga., 30, 46, 57, 65, 76, 154 Augusta, Ga., 17, 21, 28, 37, 111, 167, 175 (n. 21), 179 (n. 26) Autosees, people known as, 97, 99, 110, 203 (n. 38) Ball, Charles, 132–33 Ball plays, 12, 166 Barbour, James, 142, 161 Bartram, William, 20, 178 (n. 8), 181 (n. 55) Battle of Burnt Corn, 106 Battle of Fort Mims, 111–12 Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 115, 123–24 Big Warrior (or Tustunnuggee Thlucco), 44, 97, 125, 200 (n. 100), 204 (n. 71); benefits from American travel, 93, 99, 139; in Creek War (1813–14), 97–99, 101–3, 106, 108–10, 205 (n. 92), 206 (n. 101); and Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814), 117, 119–20; and Treaty of Creek Agency (1818), 136; split with McIntosh, 141–42, 215 (n. 99); death, 218 (n. 18) Black market trade, 25–26, 41, 81–82, 105. See also Smuggling Black Warrior River, 19, 102 Bloomfield, Samuel, 77 Blount, Richard A., 155–59, 165 Blount, William, 45, 97 244 index Borders, 42; roads across, 5–6, 63; of Creek Nation, 7, 17–18, 29, 33–34, 68, 74, 136, 138, 143; of Georgia, 18, 30, 45, 92, 102, 117, 123, 135, 154–55; and black market trade, 26; marked on paper, 31; and trespassers, 37–38, 50, 53, 85; surveying , 38–41; and intertribal diplomacy , 49–50, 119; slaves crossing, 53; and westward expansion, 95; violence along, 98, 102, 111, 118; of Tennessee, 104; roads as, 108. See also Boundaries Boundaries, 17–22, 46, 180 (n. 40), 191 (n. 49); of Creek Nation, 1–2, 6, 17– 18, 21, 26, 29, 31, 39, 64–65, 134, 136–38, 165, 170, 185–86 (n. 110); travel across, 2, 25, 41, 159; indigenous concepts of, 19, 191 (n. 48); between Spanish Florida and United States, 28, 39–42; and squatters, 29, 31, 43; natural vs. artificial , 30, 50–51; and surveying, 37–44, 120, 121, 156, 188 (n. 16); of Georgia, 43, 48, 129, 154–57; and intertribal diplomacy , 49–50, 62, 118–19, 195 (n. 121– 22); slaves crossing, 53; and Indian Removal, 163, 165. See also Borders Bridges: in Creek country, 15, 58, 139, 152, 168; building of, 64, 76, 80, 86, 89, 104, 111, 125, 128, 197 (n. 49); collection of tolls, 83, 106–7, 125, 140, 165, 216 (n. 124); attacks on, 92, 106–7. See also Internal improvement Briggs, Isaac, 69–70 Brims, 12 British: presence in Carolinas, 1, 4, 23; and Iroquois, 11; in deerskin trade, 17, 23, 25, 175 (n. 21), 185 (n. 105); boundaries with Creeks, 18, 20, 25, 180 (n. 40); and Revolutionary War (1776–83), 26–28; traders in Spanish Florida, 27– 29, 41, 105; support of Indian revitalization movements, 95–98, 101; support of Red Sticks during Creek War (1813–14), 101, 105, 108, 111, 113, 118, 120, 209 (n. 158). See also War of 1812 (1812–15) Calhoun, John C., 96, 211 (n. 44) Canals, 145, 151–53. See also Internal improvement Captain Isaacs, 93, 106, 204 (n. 60) Carolina, colony, 1, 4, 11–12, 21, 23, 48 Charleston, S.C., 4, 11, 17, 23, 197 (n. 33) Chattahoochee River, 19, 46, 77–78, 125...