Notes
Notes Introduction 1. Personal communication, October 2000. In the body of the study I offer additional discussion of this term and alternate terms. Consultants repeatedly have rejected the term “stickball” as erroneous; one consultant remarked that stickball is what little kids play with a broom handle and any available type of ball. That being said, there are Cherokee people who do refer to the activity as stickball. After conversations with several consultants and review of the scholarship, I have chosen the transliteration “anetso.” This I think is a clear way to render the three discrete syllables “a/ne/tso,” with no diacritical marks. Cherokee orthography is not uniform in scholarly literature; syllable representations and diacritical marks vary. In this book, I use a very simplified form of transliteration. As I am not a linguist, this seems the best way to present Cherokee terms for ease of reading in English and to minimize errors on my part. I render the syllables as they appear in standard Cherokee syllabary charts, as continuous words with no linguistic marks of division, emphasis, or accent. Cherokee vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and v. The v is a nasalized “uh,” as in “under.” When quoting other scholars I have tried to reproduce their transliterations as closely as possible. At first mention, such words are enclosed in quotation marks and put in italic or roman type per the original. When I introduce a term or employ a different form than previously presented, I italicize it and subsequently render it in roman type. For Meskwaki terms, I follow the works that I cite. 2. For example, see Molly Sequoyah, in Ernest Bender, “Cherokee II.” Sequoyah, a member of the Eastern Band, used the term “a-nahnezóʌsgi” in conversations transcribed by linguist Ernest Bender, who translated it as “ball-team,” as well as “they-played-ball.” Ibid., 2.2 Free Translation, 225. The accompanying morpheme list included “a,” a third person marker; “na,” the “pluralizer of third person”; the “hnezo stem” meaning “play”; and “sgi,” denoting “that.” Ibid., 2.4 Morpheme List, 226. Bender stated, “The crude data was obtained from two informants. Molly Sequoia dictated the texts and translations in the summer of 1945.” Ibid., 223. 3. Personal communications, 1993–2007. 4. Tambiah, Buddhism and the Spirit Cults, 1, 3. Also see ibid., 337–40. Several scholars have employed something akin to the “ceremonial complex” term. Raymond Fogelson used the term “ritual complex.” Fogelson, “The Cherokee Ball Game,” 156. Lee Irwin used the phrase “ceremonial cycles,” to describe the entire seasonal round. Irwin, “Cherokee Healing,” 254n18. This term should not be confused with the concept of a “Southeastern Ceremonial Complex,” or “Southern Cult,” which was popular in the field of archaeology for many years but more recently has been critiqued on several different levels and its explanatory capacity greatly reduced. As originally conceived, the theory was that based on archaeological evidence from “late prehistoric sites,” the societies in a large geographical area in what is now the southeastern United States shared many similar material characteristics , suggesting broader religious and political affinities, during the Mississippian and early historic periods. Muller, “The Southern Cult,” 11, 19. 5. My emphasis. The Oxford American Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus, 122, 723. 6. Lévi-Strauss, The Savage Mind, 30–31. 7. Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians website, 〈http://www.nc-cherokee.com/〉 (accessed August 2008). The last word on the official seal was changed from “Indians” to “Nation” in 1997, but both names remain in use. A total population figure for “Eastern Cherokee, NC” of 8,092 was given in “No. 36. Population Living on Selected Reservations and Trust Lands: 2000,” in American Indian, Alaska Native Tables from the Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005, 〈http://www.census.gov/statab/www/sa04aian.pdf 〉 (accessed 5/29/09); a total population figure of 10,210 was given in “Table 1. American Indian and Alaska Native Alone and Alone or in Combination Population by Tribe for the United States: 2000,” in “Census 2000 PHC-T-18, American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in North Carolina: 2000,” 〈http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/ briefs/phc-t18/tables/tab001.pdf 〉 (accessed May 2009). 8. Personal communications, 1993–2007. For a cogent summary of information concerning the Eastern Band of the Cherokee, see King, “Cherokee,” 105–8. Also useful is “Cherokee, N.C. Fact Sheet.” 9. 〈http://www.nps.gov/grsm/〉 (accessed May 2009). 10. National Park Service Public Use Statistics Office...
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