Talk with You Like a Woman: African American Women, Justice, and Reform in New York, 1890-1935

Index

355 index Abbott, Edith, 113 Abbott, Jane, 66–67 Abelson, Elaine, 154 Accommodationism, 7, 27, 98 Acuna, Chile Mapocha, 179–80 Addams, Jane, 186, 188 African American urban life: dangers of, 3, 14–15; and race relations, 5, 9, 24, 47, 48; and black southern migrants, 5–6, 7, 26–27, 30, 62–63, 274; and demographic changes, 5–6, 25–26; and Caribbean black immigrants, 5–6, 26, 274–75, 282–83 (n. 15); and economic survival, 12, 13, 24, 40–41; history of, 25–29; and housing market, 26, 42–45; and excess in population of workingclass black women, 29–31, 91; Du Bois on, 30; and morality, 32, 36, 256; and labor market, 37–41; and black southern women migrants, 44–45, 253–54, 256, 257; and parole in New York, 247, 251; and parole in South, 259, 261–64, 267, 268, 269 African Blood Brotherhood (ABB), 169, 172, 173, 275 Alexander, Ruth, 315 (n. 18), 316 (n. 41), 329 (n. 48) Antiblack violence: and African American urban life, 5, 6; and black southern women migrants, 7; protection of black communities from, 14, 17, 54, 74, 78–79, 83, 89, 275; and parole in South, 19, 255; and Great Migration, 26; resurgence of, 26; and Tenderloin race riot of 1900, 70, 71–73; southern and northern violence compared, 70–71, 292 (n. 90); and racial justice, 89; and Kellor, 116. See also Lynchings Archer, Alice, 66, 68 Arena, 114 Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 100 Associations for the Protection of Colored Women, 93 Atlanta Family Welfare Society, 266 Auburn. See New York State Prison for Women at Auburn Babbitt, Dean Richmond, 70 Baker, Amos: and parole in New York, 201, 240, 242, 243, 245, 249, 251; and Hampton, 210, 230, 240; and parole in South, 257, 259–60, 262–64, 266 Baker, Ray Stannard, 118 Barkley Brown, Elsa, 12–13, 54, 290 (n. 55), 319 (n. 12) Barrett, Janie Porter, 260, 261 Battle, Samuel, 44 Bedford. See New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford Belkizer, Fannie, 67–68 Bell, Bertha, 41 Benedickt, Moriz, 304 (n. 14) Bennett, Charles, 75 Bertillion, Alphonse, 128 Best, Wallace D., 323 (n. 92) Binning, Robert, 59–60 Black aspiring class, 15, 281 (n. 20) Black clergy, 98, 100, 219 Black communities: gender relationships in, 3, 11–12; class relationships in, 3, 11–12, 31, 119; and protection of black women, 14, 17, 50–51, 52, 76; protection from antiblack violence, 14, 17, 54, 74, 78–79, 83, 89, 275; and respectability , 18, 54, 63, 73, 187, 199, 203, 214; on negative attitudes toward black residents, 50; and working-class black women, 52, 55; attacks on morality of black women, 56; safeguarding from whites, 56; black women’s behavior 356 Index scrutinized by, 58, 89, 206; and Tenderloin race riot of 1900, 73–80, 89–90; and self-defense, 78–80, 82, 83, 85, 89, 296 (n. 172); Kellor’s view of, 119– 20; and Norris, 161, 174–77, 180; and Ovington, 176; and probation, 191; and leisure activities, 205; and parole in New York, 238, 247, 251; in southern social welfare programs, 260; conflicts within, 330 (n. 63) Black elite reformers: and working-class black women, 3, 14, 31, 46, 51, 52, 91; and racial uplift, 8–9, 54, 62, 74, 119, 185; and respectability, 9–10, 89; and morality, 31–32; and black southern women migrants, 36, 274; and “lodger evil,” 44; and White Rose Mission, 108 Black families: use of state resources to regulate female kin, 3, 10–11, 17, 18, 147, 181, 183, 186–89, 192, 193–96, 200, 202, 238, 248, 251–52, 272, 273–74, 275, 314–15 (n. 7), 329 (n. 48); and racial progress, 8; and respectability, 10, 16, 24, 137, 140, 214, 248, 250, 265, 266–67, 268, 273; and parole in New York, 18, 200, 201, 237, 247–51; ideal of, 30; and excess of population of black women, 31; and morality, 32, 36, 138, 187–88, 202, 214, 247, 249, 251–52, 263, 264–68, 273; view of domestic service, 34–35; economic survival of, 38–41, 129, 141, 142; and labor market discrimination, 38; and overcrowding, 43; white men’s lack of respect for, 117; and criminal justice system, 121; and state’s regulation of improper parenting , 185, 186, 196, 200, 202, 203, 273, 315 (n. 18); and neighborhood conditions , 187–88, 316 (n. 27); and wayward minor laws, 194–202, 203, 248–49, 252, 273; and unmarried single mothers, 196–200...