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N O T E S IN TROD U CTION ι . The most prominent exceptions are Garitón, Mill and Town, pp. 116-21; Newby, Plain Folk, p. 462; Arnesen, Waterfront Workers. 2. One of the earliest proponents ofthis argument wasW. E. B. Du Bois. See Du Bois, "The Economic Revolution," p. 109. Just a fewexamples of the argument are Gordon, Edwards, and Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers, p. 142; Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor, pp. 84-85; Kulik, "Black Workers and Technological Change," p. 30. For suggestive discussions of the problem of race and class in the South and elsewhere , see Marvin Harris, Race in theAmericas,chaps. 2 and 7; Fields, "Ideology and Race," pp. 155-56; Fredrickson, TheArrogance ofRace, chap, n; Flynn, White Land, Black Labor, pp. 1-5; Wilson, TheDeclining Significance of Race, chap. 3. 3. Worthman, "Black Workers and Labor Unions," pp. 53, 57, 85. 4. Ibid., p. 84. For a thorough critique of the idea that class unity would transcend racial division, see Hill, "Myth-Making as Labor History" (quote is from p. 133); Hill, "Race, Ethnicity and Organized Labor." 5. Wright, OldSouth, New South, pp. 178-87. 6. Bond, Negro Education inAlabama, pp. 144-45; Kulik, "Black Workers and Technological Change," p. 30.There are those among historians who consider Kulik the last word on race and class in Birmingham. His conclusions are, however, based on a study of a single furnace companyand ignore the activitiesof white workers during the period. 7. For a theoretical discussion of how a racially divided labor market serves the interest of white workers, see Bonacich, "Position of Free Blacks," and Bonacich, "Advanced Capitalism." See also George Fredrickson's comments on Bonacich and his discussion of labor market segmentation in While Supremacy, pp. 212-34. 8. After the completion of the dissertation from which this study has evolved, David Roediger published his important study of the role of "white ethnicity" in working class formation: see Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness. Robin D. G. Kelley in a recent article (" 'We Are Not What We Seem,' ") termed this phenomenon "racialized class consciousness ." CHAPTER I ι . Armes, Story of Coal andiron, p. 339. 2. On economic change in the 18505, see Thornton, Politics and Power, pp. 267- 91; Flynt, Mine, Mill, andMicrochip, pp. 40- 41. 3. Thornton, Politics and Porver, p. 271; Armes, Story of Coal andiron, p. 105. 173 4· Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 108- 9. 5. Flynt, Mine, Mill, and Microchip, p. 45; Armes, Story of Coal andiron, p. 124. 6. Flynt, Mine, Mill, and Microchip, pp. 50- 51; Armes, Story of Coal andiron, pp. 16165 ; Joseph H. Woodward II, "Alabama Iron Manufacturing," pp. 201- 7. 7. McKenzie, "Horace Ware," pp. 57- 60; Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 76- 81; Vandiver, "Shelby Iron Company," pp. 12- 15. 8. Vandiver, "Shelby Iron Company," pp. 15- 16, 23- 24; Vandiver, "Shelby Iron Company , Part II," pp. 112- 27; Vandiver, "Shelby Iron Company, Part III"; Armes, Story of Coal andiron, pp. 173- 77. 9. Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 196- 99; Somers, Southern States, p. 178; McKenzie , "Alabama Iron Industry," pp. 179- 83; C.Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, p. 128. ί ο . Armes, Story of Coal and Iran, pp. 246- 49; Chapman, Iron and Steel Industries, pp. 102- 3. 11. Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 216- 22;James Harold Clark, "Alabama Railroad to 1872"; Wiener, Social Origins, pp. 163- 64. 12. De Bow's Review, February 1867, pp. 173- 77. 13. Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 196- 97, 200; Norrell, James Bowron, pp. xviixviii ; Wright, Old South, New South, pp. 166- 72. 14. Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 255- 73. 15. Fuller, "Boom Towns and Blast Furnaces," pp. 39- 40; Norrell, James Bowron, p. xxv. 16. Agreement between H. M. Caldwell and Levin Goodrich, witnessed by W.J. Milner , Milner Family Papers, Alabama Department of Archives and History; Armes, Story of Coal andiron, pp. 284- 88. 17. Armes, Story of Coal and Iron, pp. 285, 298- 301. 18. Ibid., pp. 298- 301; Tait, Report of the Commissioner, p. 20; Birmingham Iron Age, February 26, 1874. 19. Thornton, Politics and Power, pp. vii, 443; Randall M. Miller, "Daniel Pratt's Industrial Urbanism," pp. 29- 30. The comments on Jefferson County are based on my analysis of wealth distribution there in 1850. The data for this analysis was taken from the manuscript census for the county. See also Rutledge, "Antebellum Jefferson...

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