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acknowledgments I wish to express my thanks to many colleagues and friends, including Anne Butler, Wendy Gamber, Michael Green, Barbara Harris, Nancy Hewitt, Joy Kasson, Roger Lotchin, Laurie Maffly-Kipp, Don Mathews, Theda Perdue, Anne Firor Scott, Sarah Shields, Linda Wagner-Martin, Harry Watson, Margaret Wiener, and an anonymous reader for the University of North Carolina Press. Some read and critiqued all or parts of this book; others wrote supporting letters for my grant proposals. Institutional support from the Minnesota Historical Society, Southwest Missouri State University, the Institute for the Arts and Humanities, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has been generous and very much appreciated. My thanks to the Western History Association and the University of Nebraska Press for allowing me to republish parts of chapters 5 and 6. Archivists from the American Antiquarian Society, Antioch College, the Carnegie Library in Pittsburgh, the Chicago Historical Society, the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, the Houghton Library, the Indiana County (Pennsylvania) Historical Society, the Library of Congress, the Minnesota Historical Society, the National Archives , the Schlesinger Library, the Stearns County Historical Society, the Western Reserve Historical Society, and the Wisconsin Historical Society were enormously helpful. Chris Catalfamo, Meganne Fabrega, Carlton Fletcher, Stan Harrold, Michael Murphy, Michael Pierson, and Clarence Stephenson all offered encouraging words at times when I was much in need of them. Chuck Grench, senior editor at the University of North Carolina Press, read more than one draft of the manuscript. His attention to detail and excellent advice were extremely valuable. And last, I thank my husband for his unfailing support. Sylvia D. Hoffert Chapel Hill, North Carolina This page intentionally left blank ...

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