Defining the Peace: World War II Veterans, Race, and the Remaking of Southern Political Tradition

Notes

Abbreviations ACSP Alva C. Smith Papers, Archives, Schwob Library, Columbus State University, Columbus, Ga. ACTWR Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union of America, Northwest Georgia, Records, 1949–1976, Southern Labor Archives, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. CBP Clarence Bacote Papers, Atlanta University Center, Atlanta, Ga. CIOP-OD Operation Dixie: The CIO Organizing Committee Papers (microfilm), Special Collections, Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C. DPP Daniel Powell Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. GGDP Georgia Government Documentation Project, Special Collections and Archives, Pullen Library, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. GSDECP Georgia State Democratic Executive Committee Papers, Russell Library, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. GTHP Grace Towns Hamilton Papers, Atlanta History Center, Atlanta, Ga. GTRP Glenn T. Rainey Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. HTP Herman Talmadge Papers, Russell Library, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. JSJP James Setze Jr. Papers, World War II Miscellany Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. JVCP James V. Carmichael Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. Notes LRMP Lucy Randolph Mason Papers (microfilm), Special Collections, Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, N.C. NAACPP Papers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (microfilm), Documents and Microforms, Hodges Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. NLRBR National Labor Relations Board Records, RG 25, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Md. PPP Prince Preston Papers, Russell Library, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. RG Record Group RMP Ralph McGill Papers, Special Collections and Archives, Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga. RTBF Robert Thompson Biographical File, Atlanta University Center, Atlanta, Ga. SKP Stetson Kennedy Papers (microfilm), Special Collections and Archives, Pullen Library, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Ga. SPC Southern Politics Collection, Special Collections and Archives, Heard Library, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. SRCA Southern Regional Council Archives, Veteran Services Project (micro- film), Atlanta University Center, Atlanta, Ga. TACR Third Army Command, Domestic Intelligence Reports, RG 319, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Md. TWUAP Textile Workers Union of America Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Chapter One 1. Combs interview. 2. John Sammons Bell, Fulton County Carmichael-for-Governor Club, WSB Radio broadcast, July 11, 1946, transcript, Draft APR.1993.22.uc-M84–20/56b and 55b, GGDP. Also see Atlanta Constitution, July 12, 1946, 4. 3. Of the 16.3 million Americans who served in the Second World War, some 320,000 were Georgians. The first figure may be found in Millett and Maslowski, For the Common Defense, 408. The second figure is from Bartley, Creation of Modern Georgia, 180. The participation of Georgia’s black and white servicemen and women ranged from being support troops at home and overseas to serving as occupation forces around the globe to fighting on the front lines in the European, Pacific, and African theaters of the war. 4. O’Brien, in Color of the Law, 102, 104–5, and 108, for example, notes the enhanced self-esteem experienced by black men who served in the war. Likewise, Tyson, in Radio Free Dixie, 140–41, quotes black civil rights militant Robert F. Williams, a World War II and Korean War veteran from North Carolina, as explaining that white male attacks on black women were an especial affront to black veterans “who had been trained to fight.” Also see Brattain, Politics of Whiteness, 123–24. Marwick, in Total War and Social Change, xvi,concludes that“total war requires the involvement of hitherto underprivileged groups,” who will expect certain “social gains” to reward their participation and who find in military service a new source of “consciousness and self-esteem.” 174 :     – 5. For a variety of explanations of the connections between southern white racial attitudes ,gender,and citizenship,see Kantrowitz,“Ben Tillman and Hendrix McLane,Agrarian Rebels,” 498–501, 502–3; O’Brien, Color of the Law, 131, 133; Frederickson,“‘As a Man I Am Interested in States’ Rights,’” 260–74. In Radio Free Dixie, 140–41, Tyson notes the prevalence of a “racialized” sense of manhood among both black and white men in the South, in which each group’s understanding of its own masculinity depended on the ability to protect women from the other. Manhood stood as an important“metaphor for citizenship ” in the Jim Crow South, a connection only magnified by going to war. 6. On...