Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi After 1965

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Cavanagh and Stockton, Black Elected Officials, p. 1; Joint Center for Political Studies, Black Elected Officials (1989), table 4. 2. Joint Center for Political Studies, Black Elected Officials (1989), table 3. 3. Quoted in Gamarekian, "One Woman's Chronicle," New York Times, Aug. 31, 1987. 4. See, e.g., Engstrom and McDonald, "The Election of Blacks to Southern City Councils"; Davidson and Korbel, "At-Large Elections and Minority Group Representation," and studies cited. 5. See, e.g., Engstrom and McDonald, "Quantitative Evidence in Vote Dilution Litigation." 6. See, e.g., Morris, The Politics of Black America, pp. 14-16 and sources cited. 7. Jones, "A Frame of Reference for Black Politics," p. 9. 8. Quotation from filmed speech reproduced in the television series Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, program 5, "Mississippi: Is This America ? (1962-1964)," produced by Henry Hampton. 9. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Voting in Mississippi, pp. 1319 ; Voting Rights: Hearings before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 2, pp. 1175-445 (1965). 10. Lawson, Black Ballots, p. 330. 11. Ibid., p. 338. 12. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power, p. xii. 13. See, e.g., Davidson and Korbel, "At-Large Elections and Minority Group Representation," pp. 71-79 and studies cited. 14. Engstrom and McDonald, "The Election of Blacks to Southern City Councils," p. 245. 15. See, e.g., Ely, Democracy and Distrust, pp. 117, 135. 16. See Lawson, Black Ballots. 17. Tushnet, "Commentary," p. 120. 18. Voting Rights Act: Hearings Before the Subcomm. on the Constitution of the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 228-43 (testimony of Walter Berns); pp. 423-46 (testimony of Barry R. Gross); pp. 647-64 (testimony of John Bunzel); pp. 1332-65 (testimony of James F. Blumstein) (1982) 19. Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count?, pp. 20-27. 20. Ibid., pp. 5, 27. 21. Ibid., pp. 238-39. Notes to Pages 15-26 212 Chapter 1 1. Quoted in Raines, My Soul Is Rested, p. 241. 2. McMillen, "Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi," pp. 362-63. In addition to the McMillen article, the descriptions of voter registration efforts in Mississippi contained in this chapter are taken from Branch, Parting the Waters , pp. 712-25; Carson, In Struggle, pp. 77-81, 86-87; and other sources cited. 3. Quoted in Tomkins, "Profiles (Marian Wright Edelman)," p. 61. 4. Department of Justice, 1964 Status Report, reprinted in Voting Rights: Hearings before the Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 2, p. 1302. 5. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Voting in Mississippi, pp. 7071 . 6. McMillen, "Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi," p. 362. 7. Lewis and New York Times, Portrait of a Decade, p. 204. 8. Quoted in ibid., p. 221. 9. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), 349 U.S. 294 (1955). 10. Southern Education Reporting Service, Statistical Summary, pp. 40-43. ll. Sarratt, The Ordeal of Desegregation, p. 299. 12. McMillen, The Citizens' Council, p. ll. 13. Senate Concurrent Resolution 126, Miss. Legislature, 1956, reprinted in 1 Race Relations Law Reporter 440 (1956). 14. House Bill 31, Miss. Laws, 1956. 15. Miss. Code Ann. sec. 4065.3 (1942) (1956 Recomp.). 16. Miss. Code Ann. sees. 9028-31 through 9028-48 (1942) (1956 Recomp.). 17. Declaration of Constitutional Principles, 102 Congo Rec. 3948, 4004 (March 12, 1956), reprinted in 1 Race Relations Law Reporter 435 (1956). 18. Black, Southern Governors and Civil Rights, p. 349. 19. Quoted in Loewen and Sallis, Mississippi: Conflict and Change, p. 264. 20. Southern Education Reporting Service, Statistical Summary, p. 43. 21. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Political Participation, pp. 1213 . 22. Ibid. 23. See McMillen, "Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi." 24. "Interview with SNCC Leader: Voter Registration Drive Moves Forward Painfully," New America, Feb. 6, 1963, p. 5, quoted in Carson, In Struggle , p. 78. 25. Colby, "Protest and Party," pp. 8-9; Carson, In Struggle, pp. 97-98. 26. McMillen, "Black Enfranchisement in Mississippi," p. 367. The 1964 Mississippi "Freedom Summer" activities are described in McAdam, Freedom Summer; King, Freedom Song, chap. 10; and Carson, In Struggle, chaps. 8 and 9. 27. King, Freedom Song, p. 419. 28. Ibid., pp. 367-436; Carson, In Struggle, pp. ll1-24; Colby, "Protest and Party," pp. 12-14. 29. Carson, In Struggle, pp. 123-29. Notes to Pages 26-30 213 30. Stavis, "A Century...