Terms of Inclusion: Black Intellectuals in Twentieth-Century Brazil

Notes

303 Notes Abbreviations APERJ Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Public Archive of the State of Rio de Janeiro FGM Fundação Gregório Mattos / Gregório Mattos Foundation FNB Frente Negra Brasileira / Brazilian Black Front FPV Fundação Pierre Verger / Pierre Verger Foundation GTAR Grupo de Trabalho André Rebouças / André Rebouças Working Group JB, SEA Jornal da Bahia, “Special Edition for Africa” NU, MJH Northwestern University Archives, Melville J. Herskovits Papers PAIGC Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde / African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde PCB Partido Comunista Brasileiro / Brazilian Communist Party SC, MJH Schomburg Center, Melville J. Herskovits Papers UBa Universidade da Bahia / University of Bahia UFF Universidade Federal Fluminense / University of Rio de Janeiro State Introduction 1. See, e.g., Mattos, Das cores do silêncio; Sheriff, Dreaming Equality; Caulfield, “Interracial Courtship”; Abreu, “Mulatas, Crioulos, and Morenas”; and Fischer, Poverty of Rights. 2. See tables in IBGE, Brasil, 222; and Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, História dos índios, 14. 3. Vainfas, “História indígena,” 45; João José Reis, “Presença negra,” 82. In some areas, like São Paulo, Indian slavery persisted into the eighteenth century; see John Monteiro, Negros da terra. 4. Vainfas, “História indígena,” 51; Boxer, Race Relations, 98–99. 5. Alvará of 7 June 1755, cited in Russell-Wood, Black Man in Slavery, 43. 6. Exceptions, however, frequently occurred in practice. Russell-Wood, Black Man in Slavery, 67–72. 7. Ibid., 30. 8. Bergad, Comparative Histories of Slavery, 1–12, 60–61, 285. These three states together (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo, in that order) would have just over half the nation’s slaves by 1874. João José Reis, “Presença negra,” 91. 9. Unlike Spanish America, the former Portuguese colony managed to hold together in the years following independence. But it was by no means free of conflict. For an overview of recent literature questioning the long-presumed “smoothness” of this transition, see Weinstein, “Erecting and Erasing Boundaries,” nn. 14–19. 304 : Notes to Pages 7–12 10. The literature on abolition is vast. For a classic overview, see Conrad, Destruction of Brazilian Slavery. More recent interpretations stress the role of the enslaved themselves; see, e.g., Chalhoub, “Politics of Disease Control”; Machado, O plano e o pânico; and Graden, “An Act ‘Even of Public Security.’” 11. Famous examples include von Martius, “How the History of Brazil Should Be Written”; and Alencar, O guarani. On this trend, see John Monteiro, “Heathen Castes,” 710–13. 12. Manuela Carneiro da Cunha, “Política indigenista,” 141–47. 13. Vainfas, “História indígena,” 53; Nobles, Shades of Citizenship, 104. 14. John Monteiro, “Heathen Castes,” 713–16; Sommer, Foundational Fictions, 21, 155–56. See also Kraay, “Between Brazil and Bahia.” 15. Andrews, Blacks and Whites, 129–30; Celia Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, 64–70; Skidmore, Black into White, 38–44; Haberly, Three Sad Races. On free people of color during the Empire, see Richard Graham, “Free African Brazilians.” 16. Nabuco, O abolicionismo, 22–23, cited in Skidmore, Black into White, 23. 17. Celia Azevedo, Onda negra, medo branco, 77–82; Skidmore, Black into White, 21–24. 18. Andrews, Blacks and Whites, 36–37. Cf. Elciene Azevedo, Orfeu de carapinha; Chalhoub, Visões da liberdade; and Grinberg, Liberata. 19. Skidmore, Black into White, 24. Cf. Grinberg, O fiador; and Mattos, Das cores do silêncio. 20. The literature on these transformations is extensive (see discussions in chaps. 1 and 2 of this book). For an introduction, see Skidmore, Black into White. For an introduction to parallel trends in Latin America more broadly, see MartínezEchaz ábal, “Mestizaje.” 21. Freyre, Casa-grande e senzala. 22. For this critique in Brazil and in Latin America more broadly, see Warren, Racial Revolutions, 234–42; Wade, Race and Ethnicity, chaps. 2 and 3; Weinstein, “Erecting and Erasing Boundaries”; and Andrews, “Afro-Latin America.” The long tradition of studying “race” and “race relations” in Brazil primarily through a black-white continuum (a tradition to which my own work is heir) is evident in leading studies from the 1940s through the 1990s, such as Pierson, Negroes in Brazil; Bastide and Fernandes, Brancos e negros; Fernandes, A integração do negro; Degler, Neither Black nor White; Skidmore, Black into White; Andrews, Blacks and Whites; and Hanchard, Orpheus and Power. 23. Excepting the 1970 census, which did not include a color question at...