A Cultural History of Cuba during the U.S. Occupation, 1898-1902

Index

Abakuá secret religious society, 138 Abreu, Eulogio, 162 (n. 81) Abreu, Marta, 93–94 Academy of Sciences, 18 Acosta, Emilio, 52 Advertisements: of consumer goods from United States, 25; endorsements of products in, by independence leaders, 120; in English language, 9, 56, 66, 69, 163 (n. 2); for flags, 108, 119–20; government regulations on, 155 (n. 39); for hotels and restaurants, 95–96; illustrations for, 15; for patriotic objects, 119–20 Afro-Cuban culture: and Abakuá secret religious society, 138; and danzón, 4, 56–60, 62, 161 (n. 74); and drumming, 53, 59–60, 62, 138, 162 (nn. 79, 81); and Santería, 158 (n. 31), 159 (n. 45). See also Blacks Aguilera, Francisco Vicente, 117 Alfonso XII (king of Spain), portrait of, 14 Almanacs, 29–33, 42–43 Alquízar, 89 Alsina Neto, Arturo, 152 (n. 7) Álvarez Curbelo, Silvia, 34 American Book Company, 72–73 American Humane Association, 164–65 (n. 20) Americanization of Cuba: and changes in place names, 87–99, 169 (n. 24); and conflicts of identity, 10–13, 25–26, 83–86; and consumer goods, 2, 5, 24–25; and English language, 1–2, 6, 65–83, 163 (nn. 1–2), 164 (n. 6); and modernization generally, 2–3, 5–6, 8–9, 11, 12; nongovernmental or philanthropic organizations influencing, 164–65 (n. 20); overview of, 1–2, 5; and public hygiene, 22–25; and schools, 16, 69–86; and separation of church and state, 37–38, 42; Index and significance of everyday activities, 3–4, 9; and Statue of Liberty, 26, 27, 28; tension between Cuban nationalism and, 2–4, 8–9, 11, 77–78; and urban development, 2, 5, 18–22, 153 (n. 22); and U.S. celebrations, 33–36. See also United States; U.S. military occupation of Cuba American Monthly Review of Reviews, 70 American Revolutionary War, 81 Amerindian tradition, 116–17 Anderson, Benedict, 7, 44, 128, 158–59 (n. 42) Animals, 22–23 Appadurai, Arjun, 118 Appleton, Ginn, and Company, 72 Aragonés, Pedro, 81 Archibald, James F. J., 161 (n. 74) Archives, Cuban, 17, 114 Archivo General de la Isla, 17 Arendt, Hannah, 150 Arimao, 107 Armas, Juan Ignacio de, 163 (n. 1) Arredondo, Antonio, 143 Asociación de Maestros, Maestras y Manates de la Niñez Cubana (Association of Teachers and Supporters of Cuban Children), 76 Automobiles, 21, 24, 25 Bacardí y Moreau, Emilio, 116, 131 Banderas, Quintín, 109, 120, 121, 129, 130 Baptism, 42–44, 120 Bárbara, Santa, 159 (n. 45) Barcia, María del Carmen, 170 (n. 15) Barnada, Archbishop Francisco de Paula, 125 Barracks. See Military buildings Barton, Clara, 76, 91, 98 Bartra, Roger, 104 192 index Baseball, 4, 53, 54, 65–66 Batabanó, 50, 143–45 “Bayamesa,” 1, 19, 44, 50, 55, 60–62, 80, 101, 109, 111–13, 125, 162–63 (n. 91) Benedict XV (pope), 42 Betancourt, Gaspar N., 120 Betancourt, María, 102 Betancourt, Salvador Cisneros, 123 Bicycles, 3–4, 5, 18, 19, 24, 25, 51, 53 Blacks: and Café Washington incident, 68–69; in Liberation Army, 26, 27, 60, 93; literacy of black woman, 107–8; racial mixing at dances, 55; segregation of, 138; stereotypes of, 24, 26–27, 56, 173 (n. 5). See also Afro-Cuban culture; Racism Borrero, Esteban, 75, 85, 111, 146, 168–69 (n. 19) Broca, Paul, 124 Bronfman, Alejandra, 172 (n. 50) Brooke, John R., 34, 52, 139 Brown, George Le Roy, 35, 46 Brun, Charles, 19 Bullfighting, 164 (n. 20) Burial rites. See Funerals and burial rites Burke, Peter, 99 Businesses. See Advertisements; Hotels; Restaurants; Stores Byrne, Bonifacio, 173 (n. 8) Cabrales, María, 146 Cabrera, Raimundo, 73 Cafés. See Restaurants Café Washington incident, 68–69 Caimito, 62 Calcagno, Francisco, 89, 169 (n. 25) Calendars. See Almanacs Camagüey, 92, 122 Campesinos, 38, 52–53 Cancio, Elena, 77 Cárdenas (city), 117 Cárdenas, Rafael de, 136 Carnegie, Andrew, 72 Carnivals, 51, 53, 60, 157 (n. 24). See also Celebrations and ceremonies Carrillo y O’Farrill, Isaac, 11, 92 Castañón, Gonzalo, 20 Castillo Duany, Demetrio, 37 Castle of El Morro, 19, 66, 81, 101, 131–32 Castro, Fidel, 158 (n. 34) Catholic Church: and funeral rites for casualties of War of Independence, 144–45; and funeral rites for Maceo, 122, 129–31, 140–41; and nationalism, 102; opposition by, to Harvard’s summer program for Cuban teachers, 76; and racism, 41; religious celebrations of, 32–33, 37–44 CEA. See Cuban Educational Association Cebreco, Agustín, 41–42...