Gender, Sainthood, and Everyday Practice in South Asian Shi’ism

Notes

Notes INTRODUCTION 1 Nakash, “Muharram Rituals,” 117. 2 Ibid., 132. 3 Karar, “Uṭho Mere ʿAmmū,” 43. 4 al-Tabari, Between Civil Wars, 187–88. 5 Shahidi, “Mātam hai āj dilbar Umm al-Banain kā,” 35. 6 al-Tabari quoted in Jafri, Origins, 189. 7 Anwar Alam, “‘Scholarly Islam,’” 251. 8 Masuzawa, Invention, 25. 9 ʿĀshūrkhāna is a compound word derived from the words ʿāshūrā (ten) and khāna (house), meaning “the house of ten” or “the house of the tenth.” The ʿāshūrkhāna is the ritually consecrated space in which the ʿalams and other commemorative objects dedicated to Imam Husain’s family are kept and displayed. 10 Wilce, Eloquence. 11 Orsi, Between Heaven and Earth, 167. 12 Ibid., 151. 13 Khayyami, “Islam and Husainiat,” 257; see also Hyder, Reliving Karbala, 137– 59. 14 Khayyami, “Islam and Husainiat,” 254, 257. 15 Hawley, “Introduction,” xiii. 16 Dakake, Charismatic Community, 27. 17 Ibid., 25. 18 Corbin, “Meaning,” 170. 19 Hodgson, Classical Age, 59. CHAPTER 1 1 Ernst, Following Muhammad, 22–23. 2 Said, Orientalism, 92. 3 Sulami, Early Sufi Women, 48–49. 4 Ibid., 54, 58. 5 For a more in-depth analysis of the gendered dimension of sainthood, in particular with regard to the Roman Catholic tradition, see chapter 2. 6 Dakake, Charismatic Community, 25. 7 Mooney, “Voice, Gender, and the Portrayal of Sanctity,” 13. 8 John Carlos Rowe, “Structure,” 30–31. 178 | NOTES TO PAGES 31–38 9 The Latin word sanctus also conveys the meaning “holy.” 10 Kitchen, Saints’ Lives, 52. 11 Brown, Cult, 5, 88. 12 Ibid., 73. 13 Ibid., 21. 14 Ibid., 8. 15 Ibid., 63. 16 Delehaye, Legends, 63. 17 Hollywood, “Inside Out,” 78, 90, 92. 18 Ibid., 78. 19 Cornell, Realm, 283. Cornell’s seven typologies of sainthood are outlined on pp. 277–84. 20 Ibid., 102. 21 Ibid., 95. 22 Ibid., 94. 23 Suvorova, Muslim Saints, 200. 24 For a full analysis of the warrior saint, see Digby, Sufis and Soldiers. 25 Hassett, “Open Samaʿ,” 43. 26 Khafi Khan, Muntakhāb al-lubāb, 346. 27 According to other traditions in circulation in Hyderabad, it was not a merchant but rather a mendicant (other stories identify the informer as a cobbler), Sayyid Miran Husaini Majdhub, who told Yusuf and Sharif the secret to entering Golconda fort. Sayyid Miran Husaini Majdhub’s tomb is located near Dargah Husain Shah Wali in the Tolichowki neighborhood, not far from Golconda. I am grateful to Scott Kugle for information regarding this alternate though apocryphal figure who was instrumental in bringing about the defeat of the Qutb Shahi dynasty. 28 Muslims and Hindus have been making pilgrimage (ziyārat) to the tomb of Ghazi Miyan since the twelfth century, although not until at least 1250 C.E. did Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud commission the construction of the formal tomb complex. For more information on Ghazi Miyan, see Suvorova, Muslim Saints, 155–61. 29 Ibid., 155. 30 Ibid., 158. 31 Nizami, “Ghazi Miyan,” 1047. 32 For an overview of the history of the repeated destruction of the temple at Somnath, see Davis, Lives. 33 Thapar, Somanatha, 155. 34 Suvorova, Muslim Saints, 159. 35 Thapar, Somanatha, 156. 36 Visuvalingam and Chalier-Visuvalingam, “Between Mecca and Banaras,” 28. 37 Wehr, Arabic-English Dictionary, 1100. NOTES TO PAGES 39–57 | 179 38 Other references to God as the friend of the believers can be found in 3:68, 42:9, and 42:28. 39 Corbin, “Meaning,” 173. 40 al-Tirmidhi’s laqab (epithet) was al-Ḥakīm, “the Wise One.” 41 al-Tirmidhi, Concept, 15–16. 42 Ibid., 17. 43 Ibid., 24–29, 31–36. 44 Ibid., 101–2. 45 Ibid., 106. 46 Ibid., 109–10. 47 Ibid., 124. 48 Ibid., 111–12. 49 Austin, introduction, 17. 50 Chodkiewicz, Seal, 50. 51 Ibn al-ʿArabi, Bezels, 67. 52 Ibid., 67. 53 Ibid., 66. 54 Dakake, Charismatic Community, 17. 55 Ibn Ishaq, Life, 86. 56 Ibn al-ʿArabi, Futūḥāt al-makkiyah, in Chodkiewicz, Seal, 119. 57 Cornell, Realm, xix. 58 Madelung, “Ismāʿiliyya,” 203. 59 Murata, Tao, 53. 60 Elias, “Female and Feminine,” 216. 61 Amir-Moezzi, Divine Guide, 70. 62 Ibid., 30. 63 Momen, Introduction, 156. 64 Amir-Moezzi, Divine Guide, 71. 65 al-Saduq, Shiite Creed, 85. 66 Ibid., 94. 67 Nazmi, “Imam Husain,” 13. 68 Quoted in Khayyami, “Islam and Husainiat,” 257. 69 Sadiq Naqvi, interview. 70 Hussaini, Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni-i Gisudiraz...