Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy

Notes

399 Notes Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used throughout the notes. AHMAE Archives Historiques du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Paris AHR American Historical Review AN Archives Nationales APCF Archives du Parti Communiste Français, Paris, Archives Départementales de la Seine-Saint-Denis APCI Archivio del Partito Comunista Italiano, Istituto Gramsci, Rome APP Archives de la Préfecture de Paris APS Arthur Schlesinger Jr. Papers AS Administration Series ASMAE Archivio Storico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri Italiano, Rome AW Ann Whitman Files b. Box BP Bureau Politique CBLP Clare Boothe Luce Papers CC Comité Central/Comitato Centrale CO Country Files Conv. Conversation Country Files Presidential Country Files for Europe and Canada CS Carte della Scrivania (Togliatti) Cult. Comm. Cultural Commission (PCI) DDEL Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kans. DDRS Declassified Documents Reference System Dec. Decisions DGAP Direzione Generale Affari Politici Emb. Embassy f. Folder FC Fondo Cassaforte FP J. William Fulbright Papers FRC Federal Records Center FRUS U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, various vols.) GFKP George F. Kennan Papers GFL Gerald R. Ford Library, Ann Arbor, Mich. GMF George C. Marshall Foundation, Lexington, Va. GP Fonds Gaston Plissonnier HAK Henry A. Kissinger Office Files HSTL Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo. HSTP Harry S. Truman Papers INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research JCL Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Ga. JFDP John Foster Dulles Papers JFKL John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Mass. LC Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Washington, D.C. LF Fonds Léo Figuères M Archivio Mosca (PCI) MAE Ministère des Affaires Etrangères/Ministero degli Affari Esteri mf. Microfilm 400 NOTES TO PAGES 1–2 MP Motion Pictures Mtg. Meeting Mtg. Direz. Meeting Direzione NA National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland NAC National Advisory Council n.d. No date NP Nixon Presidential Material Staff NSSM National Security Studies and Memoranda OEA Office of European Affairs OIR Office of Intelligence and Research ORE Office of Reports and Estimates OSR Office of the Special Representative POF President’s Office Files POL 12-FR Political Affairs—France POL 12-IT Political Affairs—Italy PPS Policy Planning Staff PPS Recs. Records of the Policy Planning Staff PSB Psychological Strategy Board PSF President’s Secretary Files Recs. Records RG Record Group RL Fonds Roland Leroy SMOF Staff Members and Office Files SSP Sezione Stampa e Propaganda Subj. Subject Tel./Tels. Telegram/s TelCons Telephone Conversations TP Thorez Papers VD Verbali Direzione VS Verbali Segreteria WEA Records of the Office of Western European Affairs WH White House WHCF White House Central Files WHO White House Office WR Weekly Reports WRP Waldeck Rochet Papers Introduction 1. Names of parties and their adherents are capitalized throughout when they refer to specific national groups, even when collectively identified (e.g., “the two Communist Parties,” “the sixty-eight Communist Parties,” “Communists in France and Italy,” or “the Western European Communists”). Those terms are not capitalized when used in adjective form (e.g., “the Italian communist press”), or when, as nouns, they refer to a philosophy or ideology (e.g., “communism,” “socialism”). In quotations, capitalization or lowercasing of these terms is left unvaried from the original source. The term “Fascism” is capitalized only when specifically referring to the regime of Benito Mussolini. 2. “Ma come sono cretini!,” L’Unità, 20 May 1947. See also letter Togliatti to De Gasperi , 27 May 1947, M, mf. 246, APCI. Four years later the French Communist journal La Nouvelle critique similarly spelled out the twin danger of political enslavement and cultural degradation that America would bring about: “The French do not want to become robots, nor intellectuals the trusts’ mercenaries”; America’s influence over France represented “obscurantism . . . censorship, moral perversion,” and even “painters’ transformation into manual workers, and the death of literature”; editorial, La Nouvelle critique, 27 June 1951, 3–4. 3. See esp. Stephanson, Kennan, chaps. 7 and 8; Hixson, George F. Kennan; and Botts, “‘Nothing to Seek . . . Nothing to Defend.’” On Kennan’s political influence, see esp. Miscamble , George F. Kennan. NOTES TO PAGES 3–8 401 4. Kennan to Hooker, 17 Oct. 1949, GFKP, b. 23. 5. On this, see also George F. Kennan, “Fair Day Adieu!,” pt. 2, chap. 1, GFKP, b. 25; and Kennan’s lecture “Where Do We Stand?,” National War College, 21 Dec. 1949, GFKP, b. 17. 6. Stephanson, Kennan, 228; Kennan to Hooker, 17...