217 Index Abolition movement: and “contraband” ex- slaves, 44, 53; defense of slavery against, 12, 25–26, 35, 37; Douglass in, 192 (n. 3); and image of passive slaves, 42; and image of slaves’ bodies, 12, 31, 39–40, 41, 52, 53, 54, 179; and personality traits associated with free-wage labor, 199 (n. 14); and physical and sexual abuse of slaves, 39–40, 41, 53, 54, 73, 84–85, 179; and physiology of African Americans, 37, 191 (n. 30); on slave owners as inhumane tyrants, 35; and slaves’ physical health, 3, 6, 31; Smith, James McCune , in, 32–34. See also Slavery Abraham (slave), 122 Adams, Nehemiah, 36 African American healers. See Healers African Americans. See Black women; Children; Free blacks in antebellum period; Freedpeople in postbellum period; Mutual aid societies of African Americans; Slavery; Slaves; and headings beginning with Black and Medical care African American soldiers. See Black Civil War soldiers; Civil War African American women. See Black women; Slave women African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 82, 91, 161 Agricultural contracts. See Contracts AIDS virus, 182 Alabama: African American mutual aid societies in, 104–5; Freedmen’s Bureau in, 104–5; health care institutions in, 155; labor contracts in, 142– 43; slavery in, 27 Alcott, Louisa May, 85–86, 87 Alexander (slave), 28–29 Almshouses and poorhouses, 67, 148–49. See also Poverty AMA. See American Medical Association American Association of Medical Colleges , 158 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 122 American Medical Association (AMA), 130, 136, 158, 167, 169, 172–75, 183 American Medicine, 166 American Missionary Society, 67 American Tract Society, 39 Antebellum period. See Medical care of slaves; Slavery; Slaves Arkansas, 18, 20, 48 Arlington, Va., 67–68 Associations and brotherhoods. See Mutual aid societies of African Americans Atlantic, 85 Augusta, Alexander: and American Medical Association, 136, 167; as Civil War surgeon, 129–31; death of, 130, 136–37; and discrimination on public transportation, 130–31, 132, 133, 181, 198 (n. 30); family background of, 129; at Freedmen’s Hospital, 130– 31, 136; at Howard University’s medical school, 130; later life of, 136–37; marriage and family of, 136; medical 218 • Index education of, 115, 129, 134, 137, 201 (n. 35); pay for, 130; racial prejudice against, 129–30, 134; significance of, 137–38; wealth and social prominence of, 136 Augusta, Ga., 144 Austin, Tex.: black doctor in, 114–19, 125–27, 128, 131–32, 134–35, 181; Freedmen’s Bureau in, 126, 131–32, 150, 196 (n. 5); labor contracts in, 141–42; mortality rate of blacks in, 117–18 Bailey, John, 111 Baker Theological Seminary, 136 Baltimore, Md., 130 Becker, Doctor, 132–33 Benevolent societies. See Mutual aid societies of African Americans Birney, James, 76 Black bodies. See Bodies of black Civil War soldiers; Bodies of slaves Black children. See Children Black Civil War soldiers: barring of female visitors to camps of, 80; black doctors for, 129–30, 132–33; chaplain for, 82–83; combat by, 72, 73–74, 76, 82–83; “contraband” ex-slaves compared with, 69, 71–73; and contract of military service, 70–71, 75–79, 82–85, 89; deaths of, 74, 88, 89; enlistment of, in Union army, 50, 71, 76–77, 87, 152, 191–92 (n. 1), 192 (nn. 3, 8); families of, 52, 75, 79–81, 87–89; fatigue work by, 72, 76, 81; Hawks on, 57; in hospitals during Civil War, 3, 81–82, 85–89; illness and medical problems of, 75, 78, 81, 88–89; letters from, 75– 78, 81–84, 89; masculinity of, 71–77, 84, 89; of Massachusetts 54th Regiment , 73, 86–88; medical care for, 71, 77–78, 83–84, 86–89, 100–101, 129– 30, 132–33, 177; medical care for families of, 79–81, 89; in Nashville, 111– 13; newspaper reporting on, 73–74; patriotism of, 74–77, 83–84, 86–90, 180, 182; pay for, 130; pensions for, 82–83; photographs of, 71–72; political and symbolic significance of, 74– 75; recruitment of, into Union army, 192 (n. 2); songs about, 72–73, 76–77; statistics on, 192 (n. 11); and violence during hospital ball in Nashville, 111–13; white reformers on, 84–88; wounded black soldiers, 73–75, 81– 89, 180. See also Civil War Black doctors: and American Medical Association, 130, 136, 167; in antebellum period, 32–33, 201 (n. 35); apology to, by American Medical Association, 182–83; in Austin, Tex., 114–19, 125–27, 131–32, 134–35, 181; buggy ads aimed at, 169...