The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City

Index

223 Adame, Felipe, 173–74 Adams, Ansel, 126, 128 African Americans, 8, 13, 42–43, 46–47, 51, 94, 100–115, 152–53, 155–60, 189, 191, 205n58. See also Miami, FL; Oakland , CA; St. Paul, MN Almaraz, Carlos, 13, 137; artistic technique , 142–43; and Chicano Movement , 142, 146; critical reception of, 145; education of, 141–42; and freeway paintings, 142, 144 American Association for Highway Improvement, 26 American Association of Highway State Officers (AAHSO), 23, 202n9 American Road Builders Association, 26 Anderson, Marvin Roger, 104 assemblage art, 155 Atlanta, GA, 43 Attack of the 50-Foot Woman, The, 53, 54 automobile(s): and highway research, 21; images of, 24; masculine culture of, 80, 86; and modernist city planning, 6, 9, 51; proliferation of, 10, 18, 192 automobile lobby, 26 Automotive Safety Foundation, 41 Autopia Ride. See Disneyland Baca, Judith, 77–81, 84, 85, 120, 177, 197 Baltimore, MD, 38–39, 42, 68–69; Movement Against Destruction (MAD), 38–39; Relocation Action Movement (RAM), 38–39 Banham, Reyner, 132 barrios: aesthetics of, 10, 146, 168, 177; epistemology of, 141, 188; and highway construction, 3, 8, 11, 14, 19, 39, 176; political activism in, 85, 87; representations of, 13, 74–77, 81–83, 138, 140, 144, 147, 169. See also El Paso, TX; San Diego, CA; Tucson, AZ Baudelaire, Charles, 10 Beat the Belt (mural), 36 Bel Geddes, Norman, 24–25, 65 Beneath the Shadow of the Freeway, 74–75, 76 Beverly Hills, CA, 2, 32, 34, 52, 120, 193 Beverly Hills Freeway. See Beverly Hills, CA Birmingham, AL, 43 Black Archives, History, and Research Foundation of South Florida, 112 Boston, MA, 7, 26, 29, 33–36, 71, 127, 193; Central Artery, 15, 116, 126, 149, 186, 201n23; Chinatown, 116; Inner Belt Index 224 Index Expressway, 34–36, 61; Roxbury, 34, 204n34 Botello, David, 13; acclaim for, 145; and Chicano art, 143; and East Los Angeles , 138, 140, 141, 146, 153–54 Boyle Heights (Los Angeles), 41, 47, 120, 127–29, 135–41, 153–54, 177–88 brutalism, 27 Bureau of Public Roads, 20, 21, 23, 27, 39–40, 41 California Department of Transportation (Cal Trans), 19, 120, 216n44 California Division of Highways. See California Department of Transportation Caro, Robert, 31, 48–49, 59 Ceremony for Freeway Fets. See Nengudi, Senga Cervantes, Lorna Dee, 74, 87 Chamizal region (Texas), 174–76 Charlotte, NC, 43 Chicano art: use of color in, 144–45 Chicano Movement, 13, 87, 121, 137, 138, 166, 168–69, 171, 172, 179, 189 Chicano Park (San Diego, CA), 14, 150, 160–71, 176–77, 178–79, 189 Chinatown: Boston, 116, Houston, 188 Chinese Americans, 8. See also Chinatown Civil Rights Movement, 7, 11, 47, 116, 157, 189, 192 class conflict, 2, 11, 12, 42, 43, 49, 51, 71, 79, 99, 154, 190; cross-class alliances, 34, 38, 46, 101–2, 110; discourse of, 8 Clay, Lucius, 26 Clean Air Act (1970), 30 Clean Water Act (1972), 30 Columbus, SC, 43 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 47 Cross Bronx Expressway. See New York City dance, 4, 89, 154–56, 158, 159, 174 Death and Life of Great American Cities, The (Jacobs), 31, 48, 55, 62–65, 96, 153; colorblindness of, 64; critiques of, 64 decentralization, 17, 25, 27. See also suburbanization destruction/demolition, 9, 18, 19–20, 116; in Miami, 112; in Oakland, 43; St. Paul, 104–5 Detroit, MI, 42, 89–90 Disneyland, 24, 114–15 Doolin, James, 132–35 Du Camp, Maxime, 132 East Los Streetscapers, 138, 141. See also Botello, David Eisenhower, Dwight, 26 El Paso, TX, 171–76 engineering profession, 15, 20, 21, 24, 191–92 expertise, culture of, 6, 20–21, 28, 36, 192 Expressway, The (Nichols), 36–38 Fairbanks, Evelyn, 105–6 Federal Aid Highway Act: (1944), 27; (1956), 1, 12, 18, 19, 21, 23–24, 26, 27, 58; (1966), 21, 96, 187; (1973), 187 Federal Highway Administration, 21, 187 Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 40, 49 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 12, 56, 57 feminism, 90, 192; and Chicanas, 87; second-wave, 7, 12, 52, 55, 56 Fields, Dorothy Jenkins, 112, 113, 114 Fisher, Lucretia, 68–69, 73, 87, 96 Index 225 folklore, ix–x, 4, 150, 178, 184, 189, 190, 191–92, 193–94 freeway revolt, 1–2, 5, 19, 29–39, 50–52, 65–73, 190, 193; and environmentalism , 30, 192 freeway shootings, 143 Freeway 280 (Cervantes), 75, 77 Freidan, Betty. See Feminine Mystique, The Futurama, 24, 25, 91...