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181 n o T e S Preface 1. When referring to the city in its contemporary context, I use the current name of Mumbai, as opposed to its earlier name, Bombay. (When discussing the city prior to the change, I call it Bombay.) The city’s name change in 1995, discussed in later chapters, reflects a politics of ethnic, linguistic, and religious chauvinism, and many social critics refused to use the new name for many years. However, now almost twenty years after the new name was given, resistance has softened and most now call the city “Mumbai,” although nomenclature continues to vary by linguistic community and social class. 2. Maharashtra is the regional state within which Mumbai is located. As discussed in later chapters, urban policy and slum housing schemes generally fall under the authority of the state, rather than the municipal government. Introduction 1. The term pucca literally translates to “cooked.” Its antonym kutcha, or “raw,” is often used to describe the partial or unfinished built structures typically found in slums. 2. See, for example, National Geographic, May 2007; The Hindu Sunday Magazine, November 2007; Outlook Magazine, March 2011; and several longer pieces on the BBC and BBC.com since 2007. 3. This approach is consistent with Solly Benjamin’s (2008, 724) call to analyze “‘slums’—and by extension ‘slum policy’ . . . in the context of changing institutional structure.” 4. This debate parallels a similar one in U.S.-based urban sociology on the conceptual ambiguity and symbolic violence attributed to the term “ghetto.” See the “symposium on the ghetto” in the December 2008 issue of City and Community 7(4) for the different sides of this debate. 182 NoTES To INTRoduCTIoN 5. Reflecting now, it is interesting how similar this line is to one offered by the character Salim in the movie Slumdog Millionaire. Looking down on the high-rise buildings being built atop of the slum in which he grew up, Salim muses, “India is the center of the world, and I am at the center of the center.” Aneesh Shankar made this statement to me about Dharavi more than two years before the film’s release. 6. These dynamics also most accurately describe the experience of structural adjustment in Latin America. A problem arises in Davis’s argument, in my opinion, when he applies these dynamics to explain processes under way in nearly all other regions. See Ong 2011 for a useful discussion of the Asian experience of neoliberalization. 7. India’s experience with structural adjustment and liberalization are discussed in more depth in chapter 3. 8. See, for example, Desai 2012; Ghertner 2011; Anjaria 2009; Baud and Nainan 2008; Zérah 2007; Nijman 2006; Harriss 2005; Fernandes 2004; Chatterjee 2004; Baviskar 2003; Benjamin 2000. 9. See also Desai (2012), who identifies the emergence of “flexible governing” strategies whereby state authorities use negotiation and cooptation to create a process of slum resettlement that may appear inclusive but ultimately facilitates the gentrification of Ahmadabad’s riverfront. 10. A similar argument is made by Gavin Shatkin and Sanjeev Vidyarthi (2013), who discuss the reluctance of many theorists of urban India to embrace political economic approaches, and particularly “global city theory,” to analyze processes of urban change, working instead within postcolonial or subaltern political frameworks. While this effort to “decolonize” urban theory or at least tread lightly while “transnational trespassing” (Roy 2004b) has resulted in a more careful and measured consideration of the impacts of globalization on Indian cities, it has also made it more difficult to engage in comparative reflection or reveal the field’s contributions to scholarly inquiries on other regions. There are, of course, important exceptions, as some influential writings on the region have engaged with these more abstract frameworks (see, for example, Goldman 2011; Dupont 2011; Benjamin 2008; Roy 2004a; Appadurai 2001). 11. See Polanyi 2001 (1944),136. The discussion of these two developments as comprising a “double movement” is consistent with the characterization of contemporary processes of globalization as a second “great transformation,” to use Polanyi’s term. See, for example, Burawoy 2000, 2010; Hettne 1999; and Howard-Hassmann 2010. 12. The question of why this frame has taken hold more in some regions and national contexts than others is an interesting one. Centner (2011) has recently noted that Lefebvre’s work was translated from French to Spanish before Englishlanguage translations appeared, and the timing of its Spanish-language appearance coincided with the emergence of antistate movements in Latin America. [3.144.189.177] Project...

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