Reinventing Citizenship: Black Los Angeles, Korean Kawasaki, and Community Participation

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Reinventing Citizenship CRITICAL AMERICAN STUDIES SERIES George Lipsitz, University of California–Santa Barbara, Series Editor Reinventing Citizenship Black Los Angeles, Korean Kawasaki, and Community Participation Kazuyo Tsuchiya Critical American Studies University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Portions of chapter 1 were published in Japanese in “1964 nen Amerika keizai kikaihō ni okeru hōsetsu to haijo: ‘Kanō na kagiri saidaigen no sanka’ jōkō o megutte,” Rekshigaku kenkyū 858 (October 2009): 18–32. Portions of chapter 4 were previously published in “Race, Class, and Gender in America’s ‘War on Poverty’: The Case of Opal C. Jones in Los Angeles, 1964–1968,” Japanese Journal of American Studies 15 (2004): 213–36, and “‘Jobs or Income Now!’: Work, Welfare, and Citizenship in Johnnie Tillmon’s Struggles for Welfare Rights,” Japanese Journal of American Studies 22 (2011): 151–70. Copyright 2014 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying , recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401–2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tsuchiya, Kazuyo. Reinventing citizenship : Black Los Angeles, Korean Kawasaki, and community participation / Kazuyo Tsuchiya. (Critical American Studies series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8166-8111-2 (hc : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-8166-8112-9 (pb : alk. paper) 1. Community development—California—Los Angeles—History—20th century. 2. Social service—California—Los Angeles—History—20th century. 3. African Americans —California—Los Angeles—Politics and government—20th century. 4. Community Action Program (U.S.)—History. 5. Community development—Japan—Kawasaki-shi— History—20th century. 6. Social service—Japan—Kawasaki-shi—History—20th century . 7. Koreans—Japan—Kawasaki-shi—Politics and government—20th century. I. Title. HN80.L7T78 2014 307.1'40979494—dc23 2013028366 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer. 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ...