Afro Orientalism

Notes

Introduction 1. Richard Wright, 12 Million Black Voices (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1991), 4, 47. 2. Robin D. G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002). In the context of Afro-Asia, see especially “Roaring from the East: Third World Dreaming,” 60–109. 3. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1978), 67. 4. Malcolm X , The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 266. 5. W. E. B. Du Bois, “Indians and American Negroes,” Aryan Path, December 1935, 1. 6. Xiaomei Chen, Occidentalism: A Theory of Counter-discourse in Post-Mao China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 5. 7. See Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994). Bhabha’s hybridity theory rests in part on the in-betweenness experienced by colonizer and colonized. There are numerous outstanding critical studies of Orientalism , and of Said’s seminal text. Those with which I am particularly sympathetic are Aijaz Ahmad’s In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures (London: Verso, 1992); Arif Dirlik’s “Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism,” History and Theory 35, no. 4: 96–118; and Evelyn Hu-DeHart’s Across the PaciWc: Asian-Americans and Globalization (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999). Feminist criticism of Said has been especially astute about describing his work’s patriarchal epistemology; see, for example, Meyda Yegenoglu, Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of “Orientalism” (London: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Notes 207 Other applications of feminism in Orientalist theory include Reina Lewis, Gendering Orientalism: Race, Femininity, and Representation (New York, 1996); and Billie Melman, Women’s Orients: English Women and the Middle East, 1718–1918; Sexuality, Religion, and Work (Basingstoke and London, 1992). See also Antoinette M. Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture , 1865–1915 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). 8. See Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (New York: Routledge, 1992). 9. Vijay Prashad, Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asia and the Myth of Cultural Purity (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 58. 10. Ibid., 61. 11. Ibid., 69. 12. Arif Dirlik, “Chinese History and the Question of Orientalism,” History and Theory 35, no. 4:117. 13. Ibid., 117–18. 14. Evelyn Hu-DeHart, Across the PaciWc: Asian-Americans and Globalization (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999), 47. 15. Said, Orientalsim. 16. Karl Marx, “Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist,” chap. 31 of Capital, vol. 1, quoted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, On Colonialism: Articles from the New York Tribune and Other Writings (New York: International Publishers, 1972), 292. 17. Marx and Engels, On Colonialism, 7. 18. Said, Orientalism, 45. 19. Marx, “Revolution in China and in Europe,” in On Colonialism, 19. 20. Frederick Douglass, “Our Composite Nationality: An Address Delivered in Boston, Massachusetts, on 7 December 1869,” in The Frederick Douglass Papers, vol. 4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), 253–54. 21. Engels, “Persia and China,” in On Colonialism, 124. 22. Ibid., 120. 23. Ibid., 20. 24. Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (London: Routledge, 1990), 3. 25. Ibid., 4. 26. Sanjay Seth, Marxist Theory and Nationalist Politics: The Case of Colonial India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1995), 220. 208 – NOTES TO INTRODUCTION 27. Ibid., 206. 28. Ibid., 221. 29. Robin D. G. Kelley and Tiffany Ruby Patterson, “How the West Was One: On the Uses and Limitations of Diaspora,” Black Scholar 30, nos. 3–4:13. 30. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 39–40. 31. Paul Gilroy, Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Color Line (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 356. 32. Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Redicker, The Many-Headed Hydra: The Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000). 33. Kate Baldwin, Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922–1963 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), 158. 34. Gilroy, Black Atlantic, 2. 35. See Marcial Gonzalez, “A Marxist Critique of Borderlands Postmodernism : Adorno’s Negative Dialectics and Chicano Cultural Criticism,” in Left of the Color Line: Race, Radicalism, and Modern Literatures of the United States, ed. Bill V. Mullen and James Smethurst (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003). Other critics to have taken up the critique of biological essentialism in multiculturalist theory include Scott Michaelson, The Limits of Multiculturalism: Interrogating the Origins of American Anthropology (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999). 36...