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201 NOTES Introduction 1. A version of this paper was presented at the American Academy of Religion Annual Meeting in Chicago, November 2008. A shortened version of this paper was published in Lutheran Forum 43/1 (Spring 2009): 57–64. 2. Heinrich Heine, Religion and Philosophy in Germany: A Fragment, trans. John Snodgrass (Boston: Beacon, 1959). 3. Jaroslav Pelikan, From Luther to Kierkegaard: A Study in the History of Theology (St. Louis: Concordia, 1950), 1. 4. Erik H. Erikson, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History (New York: Norton, 1950). 5. Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: The Life of Martin Luther (New York/Nashville: Abingdon, 1950). 6. Luther published a second version with a new preface to the work in 1518. LW 31:73–76. 7. There remains no better exposition of this than George W. Forell‘s Faith Active in Love: An Investigation of the Principles Underlying Luther‘s Social Ethics (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1954). 8. Gerhard Ebeling, Luther: An Introduction to His Thought, trans. R. A. Wilson (Philadelphia : Fortress Press, 1970 [1964]), 77. 9. The Luther-Erasmus debate on the freedom of the will, in 1525, represented a fundamental division between Luther and the humanists, a division that also affected the position of Philipp Melanchthon. 10. Heine, Religion and Philosophy in Germany, 60. 11. Ibid., 64. 12. Ibid., 69. ―The protestant pietists are mystics without imagination, and the protestant orthodox are dogmatists without intelligence.‖ 13. Ebeling, Luther, 28. 14. Pelikan, From Luther to Kierkegaard, 108. 15. Heine‘s rumination on the fate of not just deism but Jehovah after the publication of the Critique of Pure Reason more than anticipates Nietzsche: ―Here ye not the bells resounding ? Kneel down. They are bringing the sacraments to a dying god!‖ Religion and Philosophy in Germany, 103. 16. Gerhard Ebeling, from his lectures to all faculties of the University of Zurich, Winter Term, 1962/1963. 17. Presentation at Capital University, Columbus, Ohio, 1983, during a celebration of the five hundredth anniversary of Luther‘s birth. 202 NOTES Chapter 1: Philosophical Modes of Thought of Luther’s Theology 1. This lecture was given on October 21, 1999, at the Institute for European History, Mainz. It was first published in Lutherforschung im 20. Jahrhundert. Rückblick—Bilanz— Ausblick, ed. Rainer Vinke (Mainz 2004), 135–49. 2. Erwin Metzke, ―Lutherforschung und deutsche Philosophiegeschichte,‖ Blätter für Deutsche Philosophie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Philosophischen Gesellschaft (Berlin 1934/35), 355. See the later judgment in Heinrich Bornkamm, Luther im Spiegel der deutschen Geistesgeschichte: Mit ausgewählten Texten von Lessing bis zur Gegenwart, 2d ed. (Göttingen 1970), 154: ―Besides the question of Luther‘s relation to Kant [see below, n.6], philosophical engagement with him over the last half century has otherwise all but petered out.‖ Bornkamm‘s assessment of the importance of Metzke for the topic of this lecture is worth noting: ―From the philosophical standpoint, only one new attempt was made to understand Luther‘s significance for the history of philosophy and for philosophical thinking generally, and that is the two essays by Erwin Metzke‖ (156; see also 157 for the mention of Metzke‘s ―planned work on the ‗general problem of Luther‘s philosophical significance‘‖). 3. Erwin Metzke, ―Sakrament und Metaphysik: Eine Lutherstudie über das Verhältnis des christlichen Denkens zum Leiblich-Materiellen‖ (1948), in Coincidentia Oppositorum: Gesammelte Studien zur Philosophiegeschichte, ed. Karlfried Gründer (Witten 1961), 159. 4. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Die Theodizee, 2d ed. (Hamburg 1968), 25, 43, 65–94, 314, 352, 428; the majority of the passages refer to De servo arbitrio (―The Bound Will‖). Eng. trans.: Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil, ed. Austin M. Farrer, trans. E. M. Muggard from C. J. Gerhardt‘s edition of the collected philosophical works 1875–90 (London: Routledge, 1952). 5. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Philosophische Untersuchungen über das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit und die damit zusammenhängenden Gegenstände (1809), stw 138 (Frankfurt /M. 1975), 111 n.27; Eng. trans.: Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom (Albany: SUNY Press, 2006). 6. On the concrete mediation of the heritage: Martin Brecht and Jörg Sandberger, ―Hegels Begegnung mit der Theologie im Tübinger Stift: Eine neue Quelle für die Studienzeit Hegels,‖ Hegel–Studien 5 (1969): 47–81. See further: Jörg Baur, Luther und seine klassischen Erben: Theologische Aufsätze und Forschungen (Tübingen 1993), 206f., 302. 7. Friedrich Paulsen, ―Kant—der Philosoph des Protestantismus,‖ Kantstudien 4 (1899...