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Index Application process for welfare services, 44–45, 77–78, 165–166n7 Arbeitsämter (labor offices), 20–22, 102, 103– 104 Bahnhof Zoo area, 56, 57f Bennett, Susan, 29, 162n4 Berlin, Germany: age of homeless in, 10, 15 (see also Age of homeless); biographical sketches of homeless respondents in, 143– 152; comparative perspective of sociospatial exclusion in, 121–139; containment of homeless in, 91 (see also Containment of homeless ); displacement of homeless in, 56–64, 57f; duration of homelessness in, 2, 159n3; ethnicity of homeless in, 10; ethnographic research on homeless in, 2, 26–45; geography of shelter and service distribution in, 71–76, 128– 130, 165n1; isolation from nonhomeless networks in, 86–89; key informants in, 28, 153–155; legal exclusion in, 48–68, 129f; lowincome work in, 97; market exclusion in, 3, 14–15, 25, 99–120, 123–125, 129f, 135–136, 138; multiperspective approach to homelessness in, 27–31; nature and extent of homeless services in, 21t; population of homeless in, 2, 161n18; punitive policies in, 56–64; rate of homelessness in, 113–114, 117–119, 135; rental costs for service facilities in, 73, 165n4; service agglomerations in, 73, 75f, 89, 91, 92f, 128, 167n22; service distribution by district , 71–72, 72f; service distribution by facility type, 73, 74f; service exclusion in, 69, 71–95, 129f; shelter system in, 20 (see also Shelters and homeless service facilities); Active labor market policies (ALMPs), 109, 135 Adaptation to homelessness: peer networks assisting in, 82, 83; and shelter system, 80, 84 Addiction problems, 68, 127; to heroin, 51, 55, 167n18 Advocacy role: of grassroots organizations, 134; of nonprofit organizations, 137–138; of street-newspaper vendors, 64, 83, 166n10 Age of homeless, 10, 15; and adaptation to life in shelters, 84; of older homeless with regular life course, 37–40 (see also Older homeless with regular life course); of younger homeless with regular life course, 40 (see also Younger homeless with regular life course) Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 99 Alcohol use, 166nn12–15; alienation from nonhomeless social network in, 86; in contagious nature of shelter settings, 84–86; in coping with frustration, 101; in day centers, 82; in deviant life course, 41, 42, 164n16; and entrenchment, 112, 113; health consequences of, 86; in low-level shelters, 79; in peer networks , 82–83; public intoxication in, 57, 58t, 59; recovery from, 86, 166n15; as recreational activity, 85, 166n14; as risk factor for homelessness , 11 Alexanderplatz area, 56, 57f Americanization of German policies, 20, 22–23, 29, 114, 126–127 Anderson, Leon, 27, 46, 51, 54, 162n2 Antihomeless ordinances, 18–19, 47–48, 160n6, 164n1 Appearance of homeless: as defense mechanism, 55; and punitive policy experiences, 56; as regular or normal, 35 Page numbers followed by the letter t or f refer to tables or figures. 184 Index Berlin, Germany (continued) street-newspaper vendors in (see Street-newspaper vendors); substance abuse in (see Substance abuse); transit system in, 130 (see also Transit system); unification of, 14–15, 39, 84, 125, 161n18, 165n2; welfare system in, 16, 19–23 (see also Welfare system in Germany) Berliner Verkehrsgemeinschaft (BVG): fare dodging policies, 61; and street-newspaper vendors, 29, 61–64 Bezirkswohnheim (communal shelters), 79, 85, 93 “Black work” (Schwarzarbeit), 51, 53 Blair, Tony, 116, 124 Boston, Massachusetts, ethnographic study on homeless shelter in, 93 Bottom-up analysis of homelessness, 26, 28, 29–31 Bratton, William, 48, 67 Breitfeld, Klaus, 163n9 Breitscheidplatz area, 56, 57f Brenner, Neil, 120 Bundesbetroffeneninitiative (BI) federal advocacy group, 166n10 Burkert, Helga, 93–94 Burns, P., 98 Burt, M., 17 BVG (Berliner Verkehrsgemeinschaft): fare dodging policies, 61; and street-newspaper vendors, 29, 61–64 Cannabis use, 40, 55, 83, 84 Case management, 132–133 Caseworkers: and access to shelter system, 77–78; communication and coordination with other service providers, 133; dissatisfaction with, 78, 102–103, 104, 165–166n7; eviction prevention services, 39–40; failing to inform clients about benefits, 49, 67; housing and job referrals from, 102–103, 106; of migrants with transient life courses, 41; of nonprofit organizations, 105 Cash assistance, 9, 20, 48–51, 67, 68; access to, 77, 126; dissatisfaction with, 49–51; exchange rate value of, 161n12; in Hartz IV welfare reforms, 116; for migrants with transient life courses, 41, 45; from peers, 53–54, 83; stabilization in, 111; and substance abuse, 50–51, 68, 85; in United States, 9, 16, 65, 67 Charlottenburg district, share of service facilities in, 73 Childhood abuse, deviant life course in, 42 Chronic or long-term homelessness, 1, 2, 13...